CONTENTS
PREFACE
LIST OF SYMBOLS
1 INTRODUCTION
1-1 Historical Perspective
1-2 Digital and Analog Sources and Systems
1-3 Deterministic and Random Waveforms
1-4 Organization of This Book
1-5 Use of a Personal Computer and MATLAB
1 -6 Block Diagram of a Communication System
1-7 Frequency Allocations
1-8 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
1-9 Information Measure
Example 1-1 Evatuation of Informalion and Entropy,
1-10 Channel Capacity and Ideal Communication Systems
1-11 Coding
Block Codes,
Convotutional Codes,
Code Interleaving,
Code Perfonfuance,
Trellis-Coded Modulation,
1-12 Preview
1-13 Study-aid Examples
Problems
2 SIGNALS AND SPECTRA
2-1 Properties of Signals and Noise
Physically Realizable Waveforms,
Time Average Operator,
Dc Value,
Power,
ExaMple 2-1 Evaluation of Power,
Rms Value and Normalized Power,
Energy and Pcwer Waveforms,
Decibel.
Phasors,
1-1 Fourier Transfonn and Spectra
Definition,
Example 2-2 Spectrum ofan Exponenlial Pulse,
Propenies ofFourier Transfonns,
Parseval 's Theorem and Energy Spectral Density,
Example 2-3 Spectrum ofa Damped Sinusoid.
Dirac Delta Function and Unit Step Function,
Example 2-4 Spectrum ofa Sinusotd,
Rectangular and Triangular-Pulses,
Example 2-5 Spectrum ofa Rectmgular Pulse,
Example 2-6 Spectrum ofa Triangular Pulse,
Convolulion, 58
Example 2-7 Convolution of a Rectangle wilh an Exponentiai,
Example 2-8 Speclrum of a Triangular Pulse by Convolution.
Example 2-9 Spectrum ofa Swilched Sinusoid,
2-3 Power Spectral Density and Autocorrelation Function
Power Spectral Density,
Autocorrelation Function,
Example 2-10 PSD ofa Sinusoid,
2-4 Orthogonal Series Representation of Signals and Noise
Orthogonal Functions,
Example 2-11 Orthogonal Complex Exponential Functions,
Orthogonat Series,
2-5 Fourier Series
Complex Fourier Series,
Quadrature Fourier Series,
Polar Fourier Series.
Une Spectra for Periodic Waveforms,
Example 2-12 Fourier Coefficients for a Rectangular Wave,
Power Spectral Density for Periodic Waveforms,
Example 2-13 PSDfor a Square Wave.
2-6 Review of Linear Systems
Linear Time-Invariant Systems,
fmputse Response.
Transfer Function,
Example 2-14 RC Low-Pass FUter,
Distortionless Transmission,
Example 2-15 Distortion Caused by a Filler.
2-7 Bandlimited Signals and Noise
Bandlimited Waveforms,
Sampling Theorem,
Impulse Sampling,
Dimensionality Theorem.
2-8 Discfete Fourier Transform
Using the DFT to Compute the Continuous Fourier Transform,
Example 2-16 DFTfor a Reclangular Pulse,
Using the DFT to Compute the Fourier Series,
Example 2-17 Use the DFT toCompute the Spectrum ofa Sinusoid,
2-9 Bandwidth of Signals
Example 2-18 Bandwidths for a BPSK Signal.
2-10 Summary
2-11 Study-Aid Examples
Problems
3 BASEBAND PULSE AND DIGITAL SIGNALING
3-1 Introduction
3-2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Natural Samplmg IGating),
Instantaneous Sampling (Flat-Top PAM). ,
3-3 Pulse Code Modulation
Sampling, Quanting, and Encoding,
Practical PCM Circuits,
Bandwidth ofPCM,
Effecls of Nmse,
Example 3-1 Design of a PCM System,
Nonunifonn Quantizing: -Law and A-Law Companding,
3-4 Digital Signaling
Vector Represenlation.
Example 3-2 Vector Representalion ofa Binary Signal,
Bandwidth Estimation,
Binary Signaling,
Example 3-3 Binary Signaling,
Muttikvel Signaling,
Example 3-4 L = 4 Mullilevel Signal,
3-5 Line Codes and Spectra
Binary Line Coding,
Power Spectra for Binary Une Codes.
Differential Coding,
Eye Pattems,
Regenerative Repeaters,
Bit Synchronization,
Power Spectrafor Multilevel Signals.
Spectral Efficiency,
3-6 Intersymbol Interference
Nyquisl's First Method (Zero ISI),
Raised Cosine-Rolloff Filtering,
Example 3-1 (continued),
Nyquisl's Second and Third Methodsfor Control oflSI,
3-7 Differential Pulse Code Modulation
3-8 Delta Modulation
Granular Noise and Slope Overload Noise,
Example 3-5 Design of a DM System,
Adaptive Delta Modulation and Continuously Variable Slope
Delta Modulation,
Speech Coding.
3-9 Time-Division Multiplexing
Frame Synchronization.
Synchronous and Asynchronous Lines,
Example 3-6 Design ofa Time-Division Muhiplexer,
TDM Hierarchy.
The Tl PCM System,
3-10 Pulse Time Modulation: Pulse Width Modulation
and Pulse Position Modulation
3-11 Summary
3-12 Study-Aid Examples
Problems
4 BANDPASS SIGNALING PRINCIPLES AND CIRCUITS
4-1 Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Waveforms
Definitions: Baseband, Bandpass, and Modulation.
Complex Envelope Representation,
4-2 Representation of Modulated Signals
4-3 Spectrum of Bandpass Signals
4-4 Evaluation of Power
Example 4-1 Amplitude-Modulated Signal.
4-5 Bandpass Filtering and Linear Distortion
Equivalent Low-Pass Filter,
Unear Dislortion,
4-6 Bandpass Sampling Theorem
4-7 Received Signal Plus Noise
4-8 Classification of Filters and Amplifiers
Filters,
Amplifiers,
4-9 Nonlinear Distortion
4-10 Limiters
4-11 Mixers, Up Converters, and Down Converters
4-12 Frequency Multipliers
4-13 Detector Circuits
Envelope Detector.
Product Detector.
Frequency Modulation Detector,
4-14 Phase-Locked Loops and Frequency Synthesizers .
4-15 Direct Digital Synthesis
4-16 Transmitters and Receivers
Generalized Transmitters,
Generalized Receiver: The Superheterodyne Receiver,
Example 4-2 AM Broadcast Superheterodyne Receiver,
4-17 Summary
4-18 Study-Aid Examples
Problems
5 AM, FM, AND DIGITAL MODULATED SYSTEMS
5-1 Amplitude Modulation
Example 5-l Power of an AM Signal,
5-2 AM Broadcast Technical Standards
5-3 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
5-4 Costas Loop and Squaring Loop
5-5 Asymmetric Sideband Signals
Single Sideband. 304
Vestigiat Sideband, 308
5-6 Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation
Representation of PM and FM signals,
Spectra of Angle-Modulated Signals,
Example 5-2 Spectrum of a PM or FM Signal
with Sinusotdal Modulation,
Narrowband Angle Modulation,
Wideband Frequency Moduiation,
Exwnple 5-3 Spectrwn for WBFM with Triangular Modulation,
Preemphasis and Deemphasis in Angle-Modulated Systems,
5-7 Frequency-Division Multiplexing and FM Stereo
5-8 FM and Noise Reduction Standards
FM Broadcast Technical Standards.
Dolby and DBX Noise Reduction Systems,
5-9 Binary Modulated Bandpass Signaling
On-OffKeying (OOK),
Binary-Phase Shift Keying (BPSK),
Dtffi-rential Phase-Shifi Keying (DPSK).
Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK),
Example 5-4 Spectrum of the Bell-Type 103 FSK Modem.
5-10 Multilevel Modulated Bandpass Signaling
Quadramre Phase-Shift (QPSK) Keying and M-ary Phase-Shift Keying (MPSK),
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM),
Power Spectral Densityfor MPSK and QAM.
5-11 Minimum-Shift Keying (MSK)
5-12 Spread Spectrum Systems
Direct Sequence,
Frequency Hopping,
5-13 Summary
5-14 Study-Aid Examples
Problems
6 RANDOM PROCESSES AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
6-1 Some Basic Definitions
Random Processes.
Stationarity and Ergodicity,
Example 6-1 First-Order Stalionarity,
Example 6-2 Ergodic Random Process,
Correlation Functions and Wide-Sense Stationarity,
Complex Random Processes,
6-2 Power Spectral Density
Definition.
Wiener-Khintchine Theorem,
Propenies ofthe PSD,
Example 6-3 Evaluation of the PSDfor a Polar Baseband Signal,
General Fornwla for the PSD of Digital Stgnals,
White Notse Processes,
Measurement ofPSD,
6-3 Dc and Rms Values for Ergodic Random Processes
6-4 Linear Systems
Input-Output Relationships,
Example 6-4 Output Autocorrelation and PSD
for an RC Low-Pass Filler,
Example 6-5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
at the Oulput of an RC Low-Pass Filler,
6-5 Bandwidth Measures
Equivalent Bandwidth,
Rms Bmduiidth,
Example 6-6 Equivalenl Bandwidth and Rms Bandwidth
foranRCLPF,
6-6 The Gaussian Random Process
Properties ofGaussian Processes,
Example 6-7 White Gaussian Noise Process,
6-7 Bandpass Processes
Bandpass Representations,
Prvperties of WSS Bandpass Processes,
Exampk 6-8 Spectrafor the Quadrature Components
of White Bandpass Hoise,
Example 6-9 PSD for a BPSK Signal.
Proofs of Some Properties,
Example 6-10 PDFfor the Envelope and Phase Functions
ofa Gaussian Bandpass Process,
6-8 Matched pilters
General Results.
Resultsfor White Noise,
Example 6-11 Integrate-and-Dump (Matched) Filter,
Correlation Processing,
Example 6-12 Matched Filterfor Detection ofa BPSK Signal,
Transversal Matched Filter,
6-9 Summary
6-10 Appendix:ProofofSchwars'sInequality
6-11 Study-Aid Examples
Problems
7 PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
CORRUPTED BY NOISE
7-1 Error Probabilities for Binary Signaling
General Results,
Resuttsfor Gaussian Noise,
Resultsfor White Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filler Reception,
Results for Colored Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception,
7-2 Perfonnance of Baseband Binary Systems
Unipolar Signaling,
Polar Signaling,
Bipolar Signaling,
7-3 Coherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals
On-Qff Keying,
Binary-Phase-Shift Keying,
Frequency-Shift Keying,
7-4 Noncoherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals
On-QffKeying,
Frequency-Shift Keying,
Differential Phase-Shift Keying,
7-5 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and Minimum-Shift Keying
7-6 Comparison of Digital Signaling Systems
Bit Error Rate and Bandwidth,
Synchronization,
7-7 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for PCM Systeins
7-8 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Analog Systems
Comparison with Baseband Systems,
AM Systems with Product Detection,
AM Systems with Envelope Delection,
DSB-SC Systems.
SSB Systems,
PM Syslems,
FM Syslems.
FM Systems with Threshotd Extension,
FM Systems with Deemphasis,
7-9 Comparison of Analog Signaling Systems
Ideal System Performance,
7-10 Summary
7-11 Study-Aid Examples
Problems
8 CASE STUDIES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
8-1 Telecommunication Systems
Time-Dtvision Multiplexmg,
Frequency-Division Multiplexing,
8-2 Telephone Systems
Historical Basis,
Modem Telephone Systems and Remote Terminals
8-3 Integrated Service Digital Network
8-4 Capacities of Public Switched Telephone Networks
8-5 Satellite Communication Systems
Dtgital and Analog Television Transmission,
Data and Telephone Signal Multiple Access,
Examplt 8-l Fixed Assigned Multiple-Access Mode Using
an FDMA Format,
Example 8-2 SPADE System,
Personal Communications via Satellite,
8-6 Link Budget Analysis
Signal Power Received,
Thermai Noise Sources,
Characterization ofNoise Sources,
Noise Cluaracterzaation ofLinear Devices,
Example 8-3 T, and Ffor a Transmission Line,
Noist Characterization ofCascaded Linear Devices,
Lmk Budgel Evaluation,
E/No Unk Budgelfor Digital Systems,
Example 8-4 Link Budget Evaluation for a Television Receive-
Only Terminalfor Satellile Sigmils,
8-7 Fiber Optic Systems
Example 8-5 Link Budgetfor a Fiber Oplic Syslem,
8-8 Cellular Telephone Systems
8-9 Telcvision
Btack-and-White Television,
MTS Stereo Sound,
Color Television,
Standardsfor TV and CATV Systems,
HDTV,
8-10 Summary
8-11 Study-Aid Examples
Problems
A APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES, IDENTITIES,
AND TABLES
A-1 Trigonometry
Dffinitions,
Trigonometric Identities,
A-2 Differential Calculus
Definition.
Differentialion Rules,
Derivative Table,
A-3 Indeterminate Fonns
A-4 Integral Calculus
Defintion,
Inlegration Techniques,
A-5 Integral Tables
Indefinite Inlegrals.
Definite Integrals,
A-6 Sehes Expansions
Finite Series,
Infinile Series,
A-7 Hilbert Transform Pairs
A-8 The Dirac Delta Function
Properties of Dirac Della Function,
A-9 Tabulation of Sa(x) = (sin x)/x
A-IO Tabulation of Q(z)
B APPENDIX B PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES
B-1 Introduction
B-2 Sets
B-3 Probability and Relative Frequency
Simple Probability,
Joint Probability.
Example B-I Evaiuation of Probabilities.
Example B-l (Cont'mued),
Conditional Probabilities,
Example B-l (Contmued).
B-4 Random Variables
Example B-l Random Variable,
8-5 Cumulative Distribution Functions and Probability
Density Functions
Example 8-2 (Continued),
Properties of CDFs and PDFs.
Discrele and Continuous Distributions,
Example B-3 A Continuous Distribution,
Example B-3 (Conlinued).
8-6 Ensemble Average and Moments
Ensemble Average,
Example 8-4 Evaluation ofan Average,
Moments. 647
8-7 Examples of Important Distributions
Binomiai Distributton.
Poisson Distribution,
Uniform Distribution,
Gaussian Distribution,
Sinusoidal Distribution,
8-8 Functional Transformations of Random Variables
Example B-6 Sinusoidal Distribulion,
Example B-6 PDFfor the Output of a Diode Characleristic,
8-9 Multivariate Statistics
Multivariale CDFs and PDFs,
Bivariate Slatistics.
Gaussian Bivariate Distribution.
Multivariate Functional Transformation,
Exampk B-7 PDFfor the Sum of Two Ramlom Variahles,
Ceniral Limit Theorem.
Example B-8 PDFfor the Sum of Three Independenl Uniformly
Distributed Random Variables,
Problems
APPENDIX C STANDARDS AND TERMINOLOGY
C FOR COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS
C-l Codes
Baudot,
ASCII,
C-2 DTE/DCE and Ethernet Interface Standards
Current Loop,
RS-232C, RS-422A, RS-449, and RS-530 Interfaces,
Centronics Parallel Interface,
IEEE-488 Interface,
Elhemet IIEEE 802.3) Inlerface,
C-3 The ISO OSI Network Model
C-4 Data Link Control Protocols
BISYNC,
SDLC,
HDLC.
CCITTX.25 Protocol,
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM),
C-5 Modem Standards
C-6 Brief Computer Communications Glossary
REFERENCES
ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
INDEX
FRONT ENDPAPERS
Abbreviations
BACK ENDPAPERS
Fourier Transfonn Theorems
Fourier Transform Pairs
Q(z) Function
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