I locate the tsunami aid response in Sri Lanka in the literature on disasters and development. The reconstruction effort took a "managerial" approach, where concerns of politics and power were ignored. A local critique of the aid effort, launched by some NGOs, took an "impact" view, seeing aid as a facilitator of rapacious capitalist development. However, neither view captures the complexity of the reconstruction process. I analyze livelihood recovery efforts and demonstrate that while aid agencies and the critics see the village to be entrepreneurial, most of the poor are casual laborers, trapped in relations of patronage and debt with wealthier people. These relations are structured by the wider political economy. Through an ethnographic study of participation in the context of a housing project, I show how even the most participatory social movement in Sri Lanka faces challenges structured by its relations with the state and with donors; these relations transcend village and national boundaries. I also demonstrate how aid agencies inadvertently helped to restart the civil conflict in Sri Lanka by misunderstanding key dimensions of the relationship between ethnic nationalism and economic development.
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