具体描述
《中东国家通史》是12卷本的中东地区国别史。每卷由一个国家或国家群组成，既介绍了一国家的过去，也介绍了其现在。民族与宗教交往问题，历来是中东文明交往史上的最核心内容。民族与宗教矛盾是当代中东地区动荡不宁的主要内在原因。当代中东的民族与宗教矛盾之所以表现得特别突出和持久，还在于它是世界各种矛盾集中的焦点和各种文明交往的聚散地区。中东民族与宗教矛盾的复杂性，从内部交往而言，主要表现为五大民族和三大宗教的错综交织。阿拉伯民族、土耳其民族、波斯民族、库尔德民族这四大民族，都信奉伊斯兰教；而伊斯兰教不但教派林立，库尔德族也毗连伊拉克、伊朗、土耳其和叙利亚，并兼有社会和国际因素。信仰犹太教的犹太民族在人数上虽不是大民族，但它建立的以色列国却使之成为强势民族。塞浦路斯的希腊族和埃及的科普特族也称不上大民族，然而这两个信仰基督教的民族，在所在国处于重要地位，尤其是前者在塞浦路斯，堪称举足轻重。
中东民族与宗教之间的矛盾激化为冲突的，大致可以分为三大类型：第一，不同民族和不同宗教之间的交往类型。这一类型交往有的成为中东问题核心，如阿拉伯民族与以色列的犹太民族之间的长期冲突；有的成为久悬不决的问题，如塞浦路斯的希腊民族与土耳其民族之间的争执。第二类型是不同民族的同一宗教信仰之间的交往类型。这一类型的最突出和有影响的事件，是产生在巴勒斯坦问题之前的库尔德民族和阿拉伯、土耳其、波斯民族之间的广泛而持久的争端；还有阿拉伯民族和波斯民族之间的纠纷，以至于发生了伊拉克和伊朗两个国家之间的战争。第三类型是同一民族同一宗教信仰之间的交往类型。阿拉伯国家之间的多次纷争与和解，都属于这一类型。
中东的民族与宗教交往过程中出现的种种矛盾和冲突，有历史上形成的积淀因素，其中不乏交往活动中诸多负面遗留。但最重要的和最直接的外部因素，是西方殖民体系统治的“分而治之”政策所造成的恶果。这种殖民政策或加深、或引发、或制造了民族和宗教之间的矛盾，成为西方列强维持中东霸权的手段。
20世纪50～60年代，中东民族独立国家体系在西方殖民体系崩溃的废墟上建立起来。这本是中东走向复兴和发展的大好时机，不幸的是，曾经在建立中东民族独立国家体系中起了前导和推动作用的民族主义，独立以后，却向大民族主义、狭隘民族主义、地区霸权主义的方向发展。这种非理性的极端性，也在教派之间蔓延，并且和民族冲突相结合，表现为宗教价值系统的强烈政治归属性。本民族利益至上的利己和排他性，民族和宗教负面作用的情绪化、盲动性、狂热性，被政治集团或大国干涉行动所利用，导致问题的复杂化、国际化。新建立起来的中东民族独立国家体系，由于内外诸多因素的相互作用，特别是在全球化的大环境下，它成为一个不稳定的、政局经常变动的脆弱体系。塞浦路斯作为这个体系中的一员，表现了民族独立国家在民族与宗教交往中的共同点和独特性。
塞浦路斯问题必须从上述大背景下观察，才能寻找到它的位置。它的特点是历史性、国际性和长期性。它的根本而内在的悲剧在于因缺乏塞浦路斯国籍认同而演化为民族主义的极端性。深入探讨塞浦路斯的民族和宗教交往问题，不能不从时间、空间和人间这三个文明交往的基本条件上，去探究其联系和变化。
作者简介
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The analytical depth of 《中东国家通史 塞浦路斯卷》 is truly remarkable, especially when it comes to understanding the island’s complex geopolitical position. Situated at the confluence of Europe, Asia, and Africa, Cyprus has historically been a prize coveted by numerous powers, and the book expertly navigates this intricate history. The author meticulously details the island's strategic importance, from its role in ancient maritime trade to its significance during the Byzantine, Crusader, and Ottoman periods. The impact of these successive dominations on the island's administration, defense, and cultural landscape is thoroughly examined. I was particularly impressed by the detailed accounts of the shifting alliances and rivalries between the major powers that sought to control Cyprus, and how these external pressures shaped internal Cypriot affairs. The book does not shy away from the often-turbulent nature of these historical interactions, offering a clear and comprehensive overview of the forces that molded the island's destiny. The author’s ability to connect these historical events to the broader geopolitical currents of their respective eras is commendable. It provides a valuable framework for understanding why Cyprus has been, and continues to be, a region of considerable strategic interest. The nuanced exploration of how external powers interacted with and influenced the local populations offers a profound insight into the making of this island's unique identity.
评分What struck me most about this volume, 《中东国家通史 塞浦路斯卷》, was its ability to bring to life the human element within the grand sweep of history. Beyond the political machinations and military campaigns, the book delves into the everyday lives of the people who inhabited Cyprus throughout the centuries. The author paints a compelling picture of the island’s agricultural practices, its trade routes, and the evolution of its social structures from antiquity to modernity. I found the sections discussing the impact of different colonial powers on the local population particularly insightful. The British colonial era, for instance, is explored not just in terms of administrative changes and economic policies, but also in its effects on Cypriot society, education, and the burgeoning sense of national identity. The intricate web of relationships between the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities, their shared history, and the eventual divergence of their political aspirations are handled with a nuanced and empathetic approach. The book doesn’t just present facts; it attempts to convey the emotions, the struggles, and the aspirations of the people who lived through these transformative periods. It’s the kind of historical account that makes you reflect on the resilience of the human spirit and the enduring quest for self-determination. The detailed descriptions of cultural practices, religious observances, and community life provide a rich tapestry that goes far beyond a simple chronological retelling of events.
评分我一直以来都对不同国家独特的文化和社会习俗充满好奇，而这本《中东国家通史 塞浦路斯卷》恰好满足了我的求知欲。书中关于塞浦路斯人民生活方式的描述，从古代的农业文明，到中世纪的骑士精神，再到近代的多元文化融合，勾勒出了一幅生动多彩的社会画卷。我尤其喜欢书中关于塞浦路斯传统节日、音乐、舞蹈和饮食文化的介绍。作者似乎花费了大量篇幅来描绘那些世代相传的习俗，例如传统的婚礼仪式、新年庆典，以及那些充满地方特色的美食，如 Halloumi 奶酪和 Koupepia（葡萄叶包饭）。这些细节的描写，让我能够更直观地感受到塞浦路斯人民的热情好客和他们对传统文化的珍视。书中还探讨了不同宗教信仰（东正教和伊斯兰教）如何在日常生活中相互影响，以及这些宗教传统如何体现在建筑、艺术和节日习俗之中。我非常好奇书中是否提及了塞浦路斯独特的方言和语言演变，以及它如何在希腊语和土耳其语的影响下形成自己的特色。通过对这些社会文化的深入了解，我感觉自己不再仅仅是阅读历史事件，而是真正地在与这个岛屿的人民进行对话，感受他们的喜怒哀乐和生活智慧。这本书让我明白，历史的进程不仅仅是政治和经济的变动，更是无数普通人生活方式的积淀和传承。
评分作为一名对近代史有着浓厚兴趣的读者，我在这本《中东国家通史 塞浦路斯卷》中找到了许多令我着迷的内容。尤其是关于20世纪塞浦路斯政治格局的变迁，作者的处理非常细腻。书中对英国殖民统治下的经济发展、社会改革以及早期民族主义思潮的萌芽进行了深入的剖析，这为理解后续的独立斗争奠定了坚实的基础。我特别关注了书中关于“塞浦路斯问题”起源的论述，是如何从民族独立诉求演变成希腊族和土耳其族之间旷日持久的冲突，最终导致了1974年的分裂。作者在梳理这一复杂历史脉络时，不仅展现了当时国际地缘政治的博弈，也深刻揭示了岛内各族群之间根深蒂固的民族情感和历史恩怨。对书中关于独立初期，塞浦路斯共和国在政治、经济和社会领域所面临的挑战的描述，也让我深思。作者似乎并没有简单地将历史人物和事件进行简单的道德评判，而是力图还原历史的复杂性，展现不同立场和动机的交织。书中对各方势力，包括希腊、土耳其、英国以及联合国的角色分析，都显得相当客观和深入。阅读过程中，我不时会暂停下来，思考那些复杂的政治决策是如何一步步将塞浦路斯推向分裂的境地，以及这对于岛上居民生活带来的深远影响。这本书无疑是一份关于近代塞浦路斯政治史的宝贵参考，它迫使我重新审视那些看似遥远的冲突，并理解其背后错综复杂的人性和历史力量。
评分这本《中东国家通史 塞浦路斯卷》带我走进了一个完全陌生的世界，却又在字里行间感受到一种古老而独特的魅力。塞浦路斯，这个在地理位置上横跨欧亚非三大洲的岛屿，其历史的厚重感和文化的多样性，在这本书中得到了淋漓尽致的展现。从史前文明的遗迹，到古希腊罗马的殖民统治，再到拜占庭帝国、十字军东征、奥斯曼帝国和英属时期，每一个历史时期都仿佛在作者的笔下被赋予了生命。我尤其对书中关于塞浦路斯在古代地中海贸易中的地位的描述印象深刻，它不仅仅是一个军事战略要地，更是东西方文化交流的重要枢纽。作者详细地梳理了各个时期统治者带来的不同文化习俗、宗教信仰和法律制度，如何层层叠加，最终塑造了今日塞浦路斯多元化的社会结构。那些关于古代神庙、中世纪城堡以及近代殖民建筑的描述，配合书中可能附带的插图（虽然我目前只能想象），能够让读者身临其境地感受到历史的痕迹。这本书让我对“文明的融合”有了更深刻的理解，塞浦路斯就像一个微缩模型，展现了不同文明碰撞、交流、共存的复杂而迷人的过程。我迫不及待地想深入了解书中关于拜占庭时期希腊东正教文化在塞浦路斯根深蒂固的形成过程，以及奥斯曼帝国统治下伊斯兰文化带来的影响，这两种文化如何在岛上并行不悖，又如何在近代交织出复杂的社会矛盾。
评分The sheer scope of historical periods covered in 《中东国家通史 塞浦路斯卷》 is astounding. Moving from the ancient world, the narrative gracefully transitions into the medieval era, a period marked by intense geopolitical shifts and the arrival of new powers. The book meticulously explores the Byzantine period, detailing the island's integration into the Eastern Roman Empire, the construction of magnificent churches and monasteries that still stand today, and the impact of its Orthodox Christian heritage. The arrival of the Lusignans, French nobles who established a kingdom in Cyprus, is vividly depicted, with accounts of their feudal system, their architectural contributions like Gothic castles, and the cultural fusion that occurred during their reign. The subsequent Venetian rule, characterized by its focus on trade and defense, and the ensuing Ottoman conquest, are presented with a keen eye for the ensuing societal and administrative changes. The author seems to have a knack for illustrating how these different rulers, with their distinct cultural backgrounds and political ambitions, left indelible marks on the island’s identity. I was particularly fascinated by the descriptions of the military strategies employed during the various sieges and battles, and how these conflicts shaped the physical landscape and the collective memory of the people. This section of the book truly highlights Cyprus as a crossroads of civilizations, a melting pot where Eastern and Western influences constantly intermingled.
评分这本书，如果用一个词来形容，那就是“厚重”。《中东国家通史 塞浦路斯卷》并非那种轻描淡写的概览，而是将塞浦路斯的千年历史 as if a detailed tapestry, where every thread, no matter how small, has its significance. The author’s meticulous research is evident in the way they trace the island's journey from its earliest settlers, the Neolithic communities, through the Bronze Age flourishing with its intricate trade networks, and into the complex era of Mycenaean and Phoenician influence. The descriptions of the ancient city-kingdoms, the emergence of Greek city-states on the island, and their eventual incorporation into larger empires like the Ptolemaic Kingdom and the Roman Empire, are painted with a rich palette of historical detail. I found myself particularly engrossed in the sections detailing the island’s strategic importance in the ancient Mediterranean, its role as a maritime hub, and the impact of different ruling powers on its cultural and political landscape. The book doesn’t shy away from the upheavals and transformations, the shifting allegiances, and the enduring legacies left behind by successive civilizations. The depth of information about the economic activities, religious practices, and societal structures of these ancient periods provides a foundational understanding that is crucial for grasping the island’s subsequent historical trajectory. It’s the kind of book that makes you feel like you’re actively excavating the past, uncovering layers of history that have long been buried.
评分The narrative within 《中东国家通史 塞浦路斯卷》 progresses with a certain methodical brilliance, delving into the island's journey through the more recent historical epochs with just as much rigor as it does the ancient. The author doesn't just present a timeline of events; they meticulously dissect the socio-economic transformations that occurred. The period following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the advent of British rule is examined with particular attention to the changes in land ownership, agricultural modernization, and the emergence of new economic sectors. The book provides a detailed look at how these colonial policies impacted the island's economy and its social stratification. Furthermore, the burgeoning nationalist movements in the 20th century are explored with a keen understanding of their origins, their ideological underpinnings, and their eventual trajectory. The complex dynamics leading up to independence, and the subsequent challenges faced by the newly formed republic, are presented in a way that is both informative and thought-provoking. The author seems to have a talent for weaving together economic data, political decisions, and the lived experiences of the people to create a holistic picture of these transformative decades. This section of the book is particularly valuable for understanding the roots of many of the contemporary issues facing Cyprus.
评分作为一名对经济史略有涉猎的读者，我在这本《中东国家通史 塞浦路斯卷》中找到了不少令我眼前一亮的内容。书中对塞浦路斯经济发展历程的梳理，从古代的农业和矿产资源开发，到中世纪的海上贸易，再到近代殖民时期的经济转型，都展现了塞浦路斯在不同历史阶段的经济活力和潜力。我特别关注书中关于奥斯曼帝国统治下，塞浦路斯经济结构的变化，以及英国殖民时期，橡胶、葡萄酒等产业的发展情况。作者似乎详细分析了这些经济活动如何与当时的国际贸易联系起来，以及它们如何塑造了塞浦路斯社会的阶级结构和财富分配。我非常感兴趣书中是否提及了塞浦路斯在近代如何发展旅游业，以及这一产业的兴起对当地经济和社会结构带来的双重影响。书中对独立后，塞浦路斯共和国经济政策的探讨，特别是其在加入欧盟前后的经济改革和挑战，也让我颇受启发。作者似乎并没有回避那些经济发展中的问题，如贫富差距、失业率等，而是力求全面地展现塞浦路斯经济发展的真实图景。这本书让我认识到，塞浦路斯不仅仅是一个拥有悠久历史和丰富文化的岛屿，更是一个在经济发展道路上不断探索和前行的经济体，其经济史的演变同样充满了故事和启示。
评分This book, 《中东国家通史 塞浦路斯卷》, is a veritable treasure trove for anyone seeking to understand the multifaceted religious and cultural evolution of Cyprus. The author dedicates significant attention to the island's spiritual landscape, tracing the establishment and influence of various religious traditions. The early introduction of Christianity, its development under the Byzantine Empire, and the enduring legacy of the Orthodox Church are explored in depth, with descriptions of prominent monasteries and theological traditions. The subsequent arrival of Islam with the Ottoman conquest brought about a significant shift, and the book provides a balanced account of the coexistence and, at times, the tensions between the Muslim and Christian communities. The author seems to have a keen understanding of how religious beliefs permeated societal structures, influenced art and architecture, and shaped the daily lives of the people. I was particularly intrigued by the descriptions of religious festivals and rituals, and how they have evolved over time, often incorporating elements from different cultural traditions. The book also touches upon the impact of various external powers on the religious landscape, demonstrating how religious identity became intertwined with political allegiances. This comprehensive examination offers a profound insight into the syncretic nature of Cypriot culture, where different faiths and traditions have not only coexisted but have also enriched each other over millennia.
评分古代史、近代史、现代史的比例大约是1：1：3，现代史的部分注重资料的罗列，太细碎无趣了，作为通史而言可读性差了点。不过好歹是市面上唯一的塞浦路斯通史。
评分一战前，英国提出让希腊参战换取塞浦路斯，希腊国王由于亲德，没有一口气答应，一个念想一句话的决断，造成了这个美丽岛屿如今的悲剧
评分一战前，英国提出让希腊参战换取塞浦路斯，希腊国王由于亲德，没有一口气答应，一个念想一句话的决断，造成了这个美丽岛屿如今的悲剧
评分对陌生国度的探索，文笔还行，读起来挺顺畅，梳理清晰
评分古代史、近代史、现代史的比例大约是1：1：3，现代史的部分注重资料的罗列，太细碎无趣了，作为通史而言可读性差了点。不过好歹是市面上唯一的塞浦路斯通史。
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