巴尔扎克——（Honore de Balzac。1799～1850）

他是19世纪法国伟大的批判现实主义作家，欧洲批判现实主义文学的奠基人和杰出代表。一生创作96部长、中、短篇小说和随笔，总名为《人间喜剧》。其中代表作为《欧也妮·葛朗台》、《高老头》。100多年来，他的作品传遍了全世界，对世界文学的发展和人类进步产生了巨大的影响。马克思、恩格斯称赞他“是超群的小说家”、“现实主义大师”。

巴尔扎克出生于一个法国大革命后致富的资产阶级家庭，法科学校毕业后，拒绝家庭为他选择的受人尊敬的法律职业，而立志当文学家。为了获得独立生活和从事创作的物质保障，他曾试笔并插足商业，从事出版印刷业，但都以破产告终。这一切都为他认识社会、描写社会提供了极为珍贵的第一手材料。他不断追求和探索，对哲学、经济学、历史、自然科学、神学等领域进行了深入研究，积累了极为广博的知识。

1829年，巴尔扎克完成长篇小说《朱安党人》，这部取材于现实生活的作品为他带来巨大声誉，也为法国批判现实主义文学放下第一块基石，巴尔扎克将《朱安党人》和计划要写的一百四五十部小说总命名为《人间喜剧》，并为之写了《前言》，阐述了他的现实主义创作方法和基本原则，从理论上为法国批判现实主义文学奠定了基础。

巴尔扎克在艺术上取得巨大成就，他在小说结构方面匠心独运，小说结构多种多样，不拘一格、并善于将集中概括与精确描摹相结合，以外形反映内心本质等手法来塑造人物，他还善于以精细人微、生动逼真的环境描写再现时代风貌。恩格斯称赞巴尔扎克的《人间喜剧》写出了贵族阶级的没落衰败和资产阶级的上升发展，提供了社会各个领域无比丰富的生动细节和形象化的历史材料，“甚至在经济的细节方面（如革命以后动产和不动产的重新分配），我学到的东西也要比从当时所有职业历史学家、经济学院和统计学家那里学到的全部东西还要多”。（恩格斯：《恩格斯致玛·哈克奈斯》）

巴尔扎克以自己的创作在世界文学史上树立起不朽的丰碑。

"Balzac [was] the master unequalled in the art of painting humanity as it exists in modern society," wrote George Sand. "He searched and dared everything."

Written between 1837 and 1843, Lost Illusions reveals, perhaps better than any other of Balzac's ninety-two novels, the nature and scope of his genius. The story of Lucien Chardon, a young poet from Angoulême who tries desperately to make a name for himself in Paris, is a brilliantly realistic and boldly satirical portrait of provincial manners and aristocratic life. Handsome and ambitious but naïve, Lucien is patronized by the beau monde as represented by Madame de Bargeton and her cousin, the formidable Marquise d'Espard, only to be duped by them. Denied the social rank he thought would be his, Lucien discards his poetic aspirations and turns to hack journalism; his descent into Parisian low life ultimately leads to his own death.

"Balzac was both a greedy child and an indefatigable observer of a greedy age, at once a fantastic and a genius, yet possessing a simple core of common sense," noted V. S. Pritchett, one of his several biographers. Another, André Maurois, concluded: "Balzac was by turns a saint, a criminal, an honest judge, a corrupt judge, a minister, a fob, a harlot, a duchess, and always a genius."

This Modern Library edition presents the translation by Kathleen Raine.