Chapter One Introduction/1
1.1 Introduction/1
1.2 Literature review/1
1.2.1 Intonationalphonology/1
1.2.2 Prosodic phonology/3
1.2.2.1 Syntax-phonology mapping/3
1.2.2.2 Prosodic domains/4
1.2.2.3 Properties of prosodic structure/5
1.2.3 Focus/6
1.2.3.1 Focus from three different angles/7
1.2.3.2 Focus in phonetic approach/8
1.2.3.3 Focus in phonological approach/l0
1.3 Significance oftheresearch/14
1.4 Basic concepts in this study/16
1.4.1 Definition of focus/16
1.4.2 Nuclear accent and pre-nuclear accent/19
1.4.3 Relative prominence/20
1.50utlineofthisresearch/20
Chapter Two Methodology I 23
2.1 Background and claims/23
2.2 Design of acoustic experiment/24
2.2.1 Materials selection/24
2.2.2 Syntactic structure of target sentence/25
2.2.2.1 Unmarked structure/25
2.2.2.2 Lian...dou structure/27
2.2.2.3 Shi...de structure/28
2.2.3 Focus identification/29
2.2.3.1 Focus in unmarked structure/29
2.2.3.2 Focus conditions in the lian...dou structure/34
2.2.3.3 Focus conditions in the shi...de structure/38
2.3 Recording procedure/40
2.4 Data processing/41
2.4.1 Data annotation/41
2.4.2 Data extraction/42
2.5 Measurement of parameters/42
2.5.1 Measurement of Fo/42
2.5.2 Measurement of Duration/43
2.6 Perceptual experiment/43
2.6.1 Aim of the perceptual experiment/43
2.6.2 Stimuli selection/44
2.6.3 Procedure/46
Chapter Three Phonetic Realization of Accent Patterns in Unmarked Structure/48
3.1 Introduction/48
3.2 Phonetic realization of constituents in four information categories in unmarked structure/51
3.2.1 F0 contour oftonel utterances in four information categories/52
3.2.1.1 Overall Fo contour/53
3.2.1.2 Statistical analysis/56
3.2.2 F0 contour of tone2 utterances in four information categories/58
3.2.2.1 Overall Fo contour/59
3.2.2.2 Statistical analysis/61
3.2.3 F0 contour of tone4 utterances in four information categories/63
3.2.3.1 Overall Fo contour/64
3.2.3.2 Statistical analysis/65
3.2.4 Durational patterns of constituents in four information categories/66
3.2.4.1 Duration of subject constituents/68
3.2.4.2 Duration of object constituents/70
3.2.5 Summary/72
3.3 Phonetic realization of double rheme focuses/73
3.3.1 F0 contour of tone2 utterances in double rheme focuses/73
3.3.2 F0 contour of tone4 utterances in double rheme focuses/77
3.3.3 Duration patterns of wordsin double rheme focuses/79
3.3.3.1 Duration patterns of subject constituents/79
3.3.3.2 Duration patterns of object constituents/81
3.3.4 Summary/83
3.4 Phonetic realization of multiple rheme focuses/84
3.4.1 F0 patterns ofrheme focus on "S+Ad+O" and "S+V+O"/86
3.4.2 F0 pattems ofrheme focus on "Ad+V+O"and"S+Ad+V"/88
3.4.3 Summary/90
3.5 Accent andphrasing/90
3.5.1 Duration of pauses/90
3.5.2 Lengthening/93
3.5.3 Prosodic labeling/94
3.6 Discussion / 95
Chapter Four Accent Patterns in 'lian...dou' and 'shi...de'Constructions/97
4.1 Introduction / 97
4.2 Co-existences and conflicts of syntax-marked focus
and information induced focus in 'lian+S+dou+V+O+Le'and 'Shi+S+V+O+De' constructions I 103
4.2.1 Phonetic realization of syntax-marked focus/104
4.2.1.1 Overall F0 contour of syntax-marked focus/105
4.2.1.2 Durational lengthening of syntax-marked focus/111
4.2.1.3 Summary/113
4.2.2 Addition of the syntax-marked focus with the theme focus on the same constituent/114
4.2.2.1 Overall F0 contour of additive focus/116
4.2.2.2 Durational lengthening induced by additive focus/120
4.2.2.3 Summary/121
4.2.3 Co-existence of two different kinds of focuses on different constituents/122
4.2.3.1 Overall F0 contour of two different kinds of focuses/123
4.2.3.2 Durational lengthening of two different kinds of focuses/127
4.2.3.3 Summary/131
4.2.4 Interaction of addition of syntax-marked focus and rheme focus with rheme focus/131
4.2.4.1 Overall Fo patterns/133
4.2.4.2 Duration patterns/136
4.2.4.3 Summary/139
4.2.5 Prosodic phrasing of the 'lian+S+dou+V+O+Le' construction/140
4.2.5.1 Durational distribution of pauses/141
4.2.5.2 Lengthening/141
4.2.5.3 Prosodic boundary labeling/143
4.2.5.4 Summary/144
4.3 Co-existence and conflict of syntax-marked focus and induced focus in 'S+l~V+le' constructions/144
4.3.1 Fo contour of rhematic focus constituent after lian-marked focus/146
4.3.2 F0 contour of rhematic focus constituent before lian-marked focus/148
4.3.3 Fo contour of rhematic focus and addition of lian-marked focus and rhematic focus in one sentence/150
4.3.4 Mean duration among the words in various focus conditions/151
4.3.4.1 Duration patterns of subject constituents/151
4.3.4.2 Duration patterns of object constituents/153
4.3.5 Summary/155
4.4 Discussion/155
Chapter Five Phonological Representation of Accent Patterns in SC/158
5.1 Introduction/158
5.2 Phonological structure of intonation/162
5.2.1 The IPO theory of intonational structure/163
5.2.1.1 Basic assumptions of IPO/163
5.2.1.2 Phonetic realization/164
5.2.2 Pierrehumbert's model of tonal structure/164
5.2.2.1 The original model/165
5.2.2.2 Pitch accents/165
5.2.2.3 Phrase accents/166
5.2.2.4 Boundary tones/166
5.2.2.5 Framework/166
5.2.2.6 Modifications to the original framework/167
5.2.3 ToBI labeling system/168
5.2.3.1 Tiers inToBI/168
5.2.3.2 Accent inventory in ToBI/169
5.2.4 IViE labeling system/170
5.2.4.1 Tiers inlViE/170
5.2.4.2 Accent inventory in IViE/171
5.2.5 Ladd's notation of tonal structure/172
5.2.5.1 Types of pitch accents/173
5.2.5.2 Post-nuclear accents/174
5.2.6 Gussenhoven's representation of tonal structure/175
5.2.6.1 Nuclear contours and boundary tones/176
5.2.6.2 Pre-nuclear pitch accents/176
5.2.6.3 Onsets/177
5.2.6.4 Expanding the tonal grammar/178
5.3 Intonation structure of SC/179
5.3.1 Autosegmetal representation of tone/180
5.3.2 Phonological pattern of intonation structure in SC/182
5.3.2.1 Types of phonological events/182
5.3.2.2 Phonological pattern of accents/187
5.3.3 Hierarchical structure of accents/187
5.3.4 Underlying causes for restricting the distribution of accents/189
5.3.4.1 Focus without accents/190
5.3.4.2 Accents without focus/190
5.3.4.3 A metrical account of accent distribution/191
5.4 Discussion/193
Chapter Six OTAnalysis of Tonal Structure/194
6.1 Introduction/194
6.2 Grammatical model of OT/195
6.3 Constraints in the analysis/196
6.3.1 Markedness constraints/196
6.3.2 Faithfulness constraints/197
6.3.3 Association constraints/197
6.3.4 Alignment constraints/198
6.4 OT analysis of accent patterns/198
6.4.1 GenerationofH* tone/199
6.4.2 Generation of L* tone/200
6.4.3 Generation of LH* tone/202
6.4.4 Generation of H*L tone/203
6.5 OT analysis of accent distributions/205
6.5.1 Accent on subject position/205
6.5.2 Accent on object position/207
6.5.3 Accents on subject and object positions/208
6.6 OT analysisofprosodicphrasing/210
6.7 Discussion/211
Chapter Seven Concluding Remarks/213
7.1 Major findings/213
7.2 The cross-linguisticperspective/216
7.3 Suggestions for future research/218
Bibliography/220
Appendix Sample Sentences/233
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