具体描述
Friedrich Junge's pioneering introduction to the grammar of Late Egyptian, the language of the New Kingdom, fills a longstanding gap in teaching works for Ancient Egyptian. The English translation of the second German edition makes the work available to a wide audience. The author devotes special attention to the language of papyri and ostraca the texts of everyday life and uses examples and exercises to familiarise the reader with the major text categories. Some kowledge of Middle Egyptian is assumed. The forms of Late Egyptian are set in context in the history of the language, relating them to Middle Egyptian forms on the one hand and to Demotic and Coptic forms on the other. An appendix offers a preliminary synthesis of formulas in oaths and letters, units of value including the necropolis administration at Deir el-Medina, the workmen's village at Thebes. This second edition contains numerous corrections to the text, while incorporating where possible points made by reviewers.
Late Egyptian Grammar: An Exploration of a Dynamic Linguistic Era This volume delves into the fascinating world of Late Egyptian, a crucial transitional phase in the development of the ancient Egyptian language. Moving beyond mere grammatical rules, it offers a comprehensive exploration of the linguistic landscape that characterized Egypt during the New Kingdom and into the Third Intermediate Period. The book aims to illuminate the evolution of Egyptian from its earlier forms, highlighting the innovations and shifts that shaped its syntax, morphology, and vocabulary. The introduction sets the stage by contextualizing Late Egyptian within the broader history of the Egyptian language. It discusses the period of its emergence, the socio-political factors that may have contributed to its development, and its relationship to earlier stages such as Middle Egyptian. Readers will gain an understanding of why studying this specific period is vital for comprehending the continuous, yet dynamic, nature of ancient Egyptian as a living language. A significant portion of the book is dedicated to a meticulous examination of Late Egyptian phonology and orthography. It explores the ways in which pronunciation may have changed and how these changes are reflected, or perhaps obscured, in the written record. The intricacies of the hieroglyphic and hieratic scripts are discussed, with particular attention paid to any variations or new conventions that emerged during this era. Understanding these scribal practices is essential for accurate interpretation of the texts. The core of the work focuses on the grammatical structures of Late Egyptian. The book systematically analyzes key areas such as: Nouns and Pronouns: This section investigates the declension of nouns, the formation of plurals and duals, and the evolution of pronominal forms. It explores the increasing use of analytic constructions and the potential decline of certain synthetic forms found in earlier periods. The function and usage of personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and relative pronouns in Late Egyptian are detailed, providing clear examples. Verbs and Verb Forms: The verbal system is a central theme. The book offers an in-depth analysis of the various conjugations, participles, and infinitive forms. It examines the development of verbal tenses and aspects, focusing on how Late Egyptian expressed ongoing actions, completed events, and future possibilities. Special attention is given to the emergence and usage of new verbal constructions and the nuances they introduced. The concept of the sḏm.f and its Late Egyptian counterparts, along with other crucial verb forms, are explained with illustrative examples. Adjectives and Adverbs: The role and formation of adjectives and adverbs in Late Egyptian are explored. This includes their placement, agreement, and the ways in which they modify nouns and verbs. The book also considers the development of adverbial phrases and their contribution to the expressiveness of the language. Prepositions and Conjunctions: The function and meaning of prepositions and conjunctions are clarified, demonstrating how they connect words and clauses to create complex sentence structures. Their usage in Late Egyptian is compared with earlier stages to highlight any significant shifts in their grammatical roles. Syntax and Sentence Structure: This crucial section examines the typical sentence patterns of Late Egyptian prose. It delves into word order, the construction of main and subordinate clauses, and the use of various syntactic devices to convey meaning effectively. The book analyzes how Late Egyptian writers manipulated sentence structure for stylistic effect and clarity. Throughout the book, a strong emphasis is placed on illustrative examples drawn from a wide range of Late Egyptian texts. These texts, carefully selected for their representativeness and clarity, span various genres including administrative documents, literary works, religious inscriptions, and personal letters. Each example is meticulously translated and analyzed, providing readers with practical insights into the application of the grammatical principles discussed. Furthermore, the volume addresses common challenges and potential ambiguities encountered when studying Late Egyptian. It offers guidance on deciphering difficult passages, understanding idiomatic expressions, and recognizing regional or temporal variations within the language. The book also includes discussions on the relationship between Late Egyptian and subsequent stages of the Egyptian language, such as Demotic and Coptic, thus tracing the linguistic lineage further. The book is structured to be accessible to a broad audience, including students of Egyptology, linguists, and anyone interested in the ancient world. While grounded in rigorous academic research, the prose is clear and engaging, making complex grammatical concepts understandable. Footnotes and a comprehensive bibliography provide avenues for further exploration and demonstrate the scholarly foundation of the work. Ultimately, this comprehensive study of Late Egyptian grammar serves as an indispensable resource for anyone seeking to engage deeply with the rich and evolving linguistic heritage of ancient Egypt during this pivotal era.
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