1 Studying Chinese Politics 1
2 The Historical Context 13
BasicGeography,13
TheOriginsofCivilizationandCulture,14
China’sImperialTradition, 16
TheEarlyImperialEra, 21
TheModernPeriod,24
TheRevolutionaryMovement,29
TheRepublicofChina, 30
TheRiseoftheChineseCommunistParty,37
TheYan’anEra, 41
TheCollapseoftheNationalistGovernmentandCivilWar, 43
MaoZedongThought,47
Conclusion, 54
3 The Mao Years 59
StabilizationandReform,59
TheTransitiontoSocialism,66
TheGreatLeapForward,71
OriginsoftheCulturalRevolution,84
TheGreatProletarianCulturalRevolution,87
Post–CulturalRevolutionReorganizationandRecovery, 100
Conclusion, 102
v
Contents
4 The Structures of Politics 107
TheChineseCommunistParty, 108
The2007SeventeenthPartyCongress, 114
ThePLA’sRelationswiththePartyandtheState, 118
TheOrganizationandRoleofStatePoliticalInstitutions, 120
Center-LocalRelations, 124
Representation,130
SubnationalPoliticalInstitutions, 133
Elections, 135
RuralPolitics, 136
DemocratizationandtheFutureoftheCCP, 139
Conclusion, 139
5 Political Reform 143
TheRiseandFallofHuaGuofengandtheWhateverists, 144
TheRiseofDengXiaopingandtheReformers, 145
TheSecondStageofReform, 154
The1989TiananmenSquareMassacre, 157
TheThirdGenerationofChineseLeadership,165
TheRiseoftheFourthGenerationofLeaders, 170
ContemporaryPolitical,Constitutional,andLegalReforms, 171
China’sJudicialSystem, 179
Conclusion, 184
6 Social Dynamics 189
HealthCare,189
PopulationControlandFamilyPlanning, 196
China’sOne-ChildPolicy, 198
Education,205
CivilSocietyandSocialChange,216
EthnicMinoritiesinChina, 228
HumanRightsIssues, 235
Conclusion, 243
7 Political Economy 249
AgriculturalReforms, 250
RuralIndustrialization,252
IndustrialReform, 256
EnergyNeeds, 266
TheEnvironment,268
ChinaintheWorldEconomy, 280
ScienceandTechnology, 287
TradeandInvestmentIssues, 294
Conclusion, 298
vi Contents
8 The Rural-Urban Divide 303
TheRural-UrbanDivideinChineseHistory, 304
TheUrbanBias, 305
PoorAgricultureStructureandInfrastructure,306
Rural-UrbanEconomicDisparity, 307
RuralTaxation,308
Rural-UrbanSocialDisparity, 310
TheEducationGap,311
HealthCare,314
LivingConditionsandSocialSecurity, 321
DiscontentandProtestinRuralChina,327
AddressingRuralPovertyandClosingDisparityGaps, 328
RuralDevelopmentandChina’sRecentFive-YearPlan,332
Conclusion, 333
9 The Military and Defense Policy 339
HistoryofthePLA, 340
PLAStructure, 347
Civil-MilitaryRelations, 354
TheMilitaryBudgetandExpenditures, 356
China’sNationalDefensePolicy,358
ForceProjection, 364
Conclusion, 370
10 Foreign Policy 373
ForeignPolicyDecisionmaking, 374
China’sForeignRelations,1949–1972, 376
ContemporaryForeignRelations,382
Conclusion, 417
11 China’s Future 423
Consumerism, 424
MajorOutstandingChallenges,427
ScenariosfortheFuture, 431
ChinainWorldAffairs,437
Summary,438
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