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This study traces the attempts to set up a system of public health services in China in the 1930's and 40's. During those years there were many military actions in China, so it was difficult for hospitals, doctors and students to create effective or enduring organizations. The problems faced by the Chinese governments, both Nationalist and Communist, and the difficulties of Chinese and American medical specialists working together are examined.

Dr. John R. Watt, PhD, is currently Vice-President of the American Bureau for Medical Advancement in China. He was educated at Oxford, Harvard and Columbia with degrees in history and Asian Studies. Among his publications, his book The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China (Columbia University Press, 1972) is considered a standard in the field and is regularly cited by scholars. His study Health Care and National Development in Taiwan, 1950-2000 (American Bureau for Medical Advancement in China, 2008) is another path-breaking work and reflects his interest in the topic of the Occasional Paper presented here. He has served as Academic Director for the educational non-profit Primary Source, and with his wife Anne has been active in bringing medical care to village residents in northwest China, and promoting better teaching about China in US K-12 education.

Director’s Introduction, Ronald Suleski ................................................... 7
Preface: Out of Chaos, Caroline Reeves .................................................... 9
Introduction: The Context of Change in Republican China ................. 15
Early Biomedical Education in China .................................................... 23
The Emergence of Modern Western Biomedical Schools ....................... 25
Issues Confronting the Nationalist Reformers ....................................... 27
Central Government Promotion of State Medicine ............................... 31
Nationalization of Medical Colleges ...................................................... 35
Crisis and Reorganization ...................................................................... 39
Organization of Wartime Medical Centers in Nationalist China .......... 43
Evolution of Biomedical Education in Wartime China ......................... 49
Two Case Studies ................................................................................. 51
National Central University Medical College ....................................... 51
National Xiangya Medical College ....................................................... 57
Changes in Central Government Leadership: From Nationalism
Back to Internationalism ...................................................................... 63
The Challenges of Postwar Reconstruction .......................................... 65
Conclusion: The Sinicization of China’s Medical Colleges ................... 69
End Notes ............................................................................................ 75
Photos .................................................................................................. 91
Reference Map of China ........................................................................ 97
Glossary ............................................................................................... 99
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