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Emergence, largely ignored just thirty years ago, has become one of the liveliest areas of research in both philosophy and science. Fueled by advances in complexity theory, artificial life, physics, psychology, sociology, and biology and by the parallel development of new conceptual tools in philosophy, the idea of emergence offers a way to understand a wide variety of complex phenomena in ways that are intriguingly different from more traditional approaches. This reader collects for the first time in one easily accessible place classic writings on emergence from contemporary philosophy and science. The chapters, by such prominent scholars as John Searle, Stephen Weinberg, William Wimsatt, Thomas Schelling, Jaegwon Kim, Robert Laughlin, Daniel Dennett, Herbert Simon, Stephen Wolfram, Jerry Fodor, Philip Anderson, and David Chalmers, cover the major approaches to emergence. Each of the three sections ("Philosophical Perspectives," "Scientific Perspectives," and "Background and Polemics") begins with an introduction putting the chapters into context and posing key questions for further exploration. A bibliography lists more specialized material, and an associated website (http://mitpress.mit.edu/emergence) links to downloadable software and to other sites and publications about emergence. Contributors: P. W. Anderson, Andrew Assad, Nils A. Baas, Mark A. Bedau, Mathieu S. Capcarrere, David Chalmers, James P. Crutchfield, Daniel C. Dennett, J. Doyne Farmer, Jerry Fodor, Carl Hempel, Paul Humphreys, Jaegwon Kim, Robert B. Laughlin, Bernd Mayer, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernest Nagel, Martin Nillson, Paul Oppenheim, Norman H. Packard, David Pines, Steen Rasmussen, Edmund M. A. Ronald, Thomas Schelling, John Searle, Robert S. Shaw, Herbert Simon, Moshe Sipper, Stephen Weinberg, William Wimsatt, and Stephen Wolfram

Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Sources xiii
Introduction 1
I Philosophical Perspectives on Emergence 7
Introduction to Philosophical Perspectives on Emergence
1 The Rise and Fall of British Emergentism 19
Brian P. McLaughlin
2 On the Idea of Emergence 61
Carl Hempel and Paul Oppenheim
3 Reductionism and the Irreducibility of Consciousness 69
John Searle
4 Emergence and Supervenience 81
Brian P. McLaughlin
5 Aggregativity: Reductive Heuristics for Finding Emergence 99
William C. Wimsatt
6 How Properties Emerge 111
Paul Humphreys
7 Making Sense of Emergence 127
Jaegwon Kim
8 Downward Causation and Autonomy in Weak Emergence 155
Mark A. Bedau
9 Real Patterns 189
Daniel C. Dennett
II Scientific Perspectives on Emergence 207
Introduction to Scientific Perspectives on Emergence
10 More Is Different: Broken Symmetry and the Nature of the Hierarchical Structure
of Science 221
P. W. Anderson
11 Emergence 231
Andrew Assad and Norman H. Packard
12 Sorting and Mixing: Race and Sex 235
Thomas Schelling
13 Alternative Views of Complexity 249
Herbert Simon
14 The Theory of Everything 259
Robert B. Laughlin and David Pines
15 Is Anything Ever New? Considering Emergence 269
James P. Crutchfield
16 Design, Observation, Surprise! A Test of Emergence 287
Edmund M. A. Ronald, Moshe Sipper, and Mathieu S. Capcarre`re
17 Ansatz for Dynamical Hierarchies 305
Steen Rasmussen, Nils A. Baas, Bernd Mayer, and Martin Nillson
III Background and Polemics 335
Introduction to Background and Polemics
18 Newtonianism, Reductionism, and the Art of Congressional Testimony 345
Stephen Weinberg
19 Issues in the Logic of Reductive Explanations 359
Ernest Nagel
20 Chaos 375
James P. Crutchfield, J. Doyne Farmer, Norman H. Packard, and Robert S. Shaw
21 Undecidability and Intractability in Theoretical Physics 387
Stephen Wolfram
22 Special Sciences (Or: The Disunity of Science as a Working Hypothesis) 395
Jerry Fodor
23 Supervenience 411
David Chalmers
24 The Nonreductivist’s Troubles with Mental Causation 427
Jaegwon Kim
Annotated Bibliography 447
About the Authors 455
Index 459
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