The Early Antecedents of Landscape Ecology
Berg, L.S., 1915, The subject and problems of geography. Proc. Russian Geog. Soc. 15(9)
Solnetsev, N.A., 1948, Natural geographical landscape and some of its general rules. Proc. Second All-Union Geographical Congress, 1, 258-269
Christian, C.S., 1958, The concept of land units and land systems. Proc. Ninth Pacific Science Congress, 20, 74-81.
Sauer, C.O., 1925, The Morphology of Landscape Univ. Calif. Pub’s. in Geography 2(2), 19-54.Troll, C., 1950, Die geographische Landschaft und ihre Erforschung. Studium Generale 3.
Watt, A.S., 1947, Pattern and process in the plant community. J. Ecology 35, 1-22.
The Causes and Consequences of Spatial Pattern
Curtis, J.T., 1956, The modification of mid-latitude grasslands and forests by Man. pp.721-736 in Thomas, W.L. (ed.) Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth (U.Chicago Press).
Wright, H.E., 1974, Landscape development, forest fires, and wilderness management. Science 186 (4163) 487-495.
Levin, S.A. and Paine, R.T., 1974, Disturbance, patch formation and community structure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Science, 71:2744-2747.
Levins, R., 1969, Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control Bull. Entom. Soc. Amer,15:237-240.
Wiens, J., 1976, Population responses to patchy environments. Ann. Rev. Ecol. System 7:81-120
Pickett, S.T.A. and Thompson, J.N., 1978, Patch dynamics and the design of nature reserves. Biological Conservation, 13: 27-37.
Bormann, F.H., et al., 1968, Nutrient loss accelerated by clear-cutting of a forest ecosystem. Science, 159:882-884.
The Emergence of Multiple Concepts of What Landscape Ecology is About
Neef, E.,1967, Die theoretischen Grundlagen der Landschaftslehre, pp. 18-38. (Haack, Leipzig).
Forman, R.T.T. and Godron, M., 1981, Patches and structural components for a landscape ecology. Bioscience 31(10): 733-740
Risser, P.G., et al., 1983, Landscape Ecology: Directions and Approaches (Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey, Spec.Pub.2) 16 pp.
Urban, D.L.,et al., 1987, Landscape ecology: a hierarchical perspective can help scientists understand spatial patterns. Bioscience, 37, 119-127
Naveh, Z., 1988, Biocybernetic perspectives of landscape ecology and management. pp. 23-34 in Moss, M.R. (ed.) Landscape Ecology and Management (Polyscience, Montreal).
The Central Role of Scale
Wiens, J.A., 1989, Spatial scaling in ecology. Functional Ecology, 3: 385-397.
Addicott, J.F. et al. 1987, Ecological neighborhoods scaling environmental patterns. Oikos 49:340-346.
O’Neill, R.V., 1989, Transmutations across hierarchial levels. pp. 59-78 in Innis, G.S. and O’Niell, R.V. Systems Analysis of Ecosystems (International Cooperative Publishing House: Fairland M.D.)
Meentemeyer, V., 1989. Geographical perspectives of space, time, and scale. Landscape Ecology, 3: 163-173.
Romme, W.H. and Knight,D.H., 1982, Landscape diversity: the concept applied to Yellowstone National Park. Bioscience, 32: 664-670
Pedroli, G. and Borger, G.J. 1990, Historical land use and hydrology. A case from eastern Noord-Brabant. Landscape Ecology, 4(4): 237-248.
Delcourt, H.R. and Delcourt, P.A., 1988, Quaternary landscape ecology: relevant scales in space and time. Landscape Ecology, 2:23-44.
The Analysis of Landscape Patterns
Legendre, P. and Fortin, M.J., 1989, Spatial pattern and ecological analysis. Vegetatio, 80(2): 107-138.
Burrough, P.A., 1981, Fractal dimension of landscapes and other environmental data. Nature; 294:240-242.
Linking Models with Empiricism: Landscape Boundaries and Connectivity
Lefkovitch, L.P. and Fahrig, L., 1985, Spatial characteristics of habitat patches and population survival. Ecol. Model., 30: 297-308
Franklin, J.F. and Forman, R.T.T., 1987, Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting: Ecological consequences and principles. Landscape Ecology, 1(1):5-18.
Pulliam, H.R., 1988, Sources, sinks, and population regulation. The American Naturalist; 132:652-661.
Costanza, R., Sklar, F.H. and White, M.L., 1990. Modelling coastal landscape dynamics. BioScience, 40(2): 91-107.
Wegner, J.F. and Merriam, G. 1979, Movements by birds and small mammals between a wood and adjoining farmland habitats. J. Appl. Ecol. 16:349-357.
Hansson, L., 1983, Bird numbers across edges between mature conifer forest and clearcuts in central Sweden. Ornis Scandinavica, 14:97-103.
Opdam, P., et al., 1985, Bird communities in small woods in an agricultural landscape: effects of area and isolation. Biological Conservation, 34:333-352.
Peterjohn, W.T. and Correll, D.L., 1984, Nutrient dynamics in an agricultural watershed: observations on the role of a riparian forest. Ecology, 65(5):1466-1475
Naiman, R.J. et al., 1988, The potential importance of boundaries to fluvial systems. J. North American Benth Soc. 7: 289-306
Synthesis
Turner, M.G., 1989, Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 20:171-197.
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