Nectaries and Nectar pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 2026
出版者:Springer Verlag
作者:Nicolson, Susan W. (EDT)/ Nepi, Massimo (EDT)/ Pacini, Ettore (EDT)
出品人:
页数:412
译者:
出版时间:2007-5
价格:$ 326.57
装帧:HRD
isbn号码:9781402059360
丛书系列:
图书标签:
- 植物学
- 花蜜
- 传粉
- 昆虫
- 植物生理学
- 生态学
- 生物学
- 植物-动物互利共生
- 植物繁殖
- 蜜腺
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具体描述
Nectar is the most important reward offered by plants to pollinating animals. This book is a modern and interdisciplinary text on nectar and nectaries, prompted by the expansion of knowledge in ecological and molecular fields, and the strong recent interest in pollination biology. The topics covered vary widely: they include historical aspects, the structure and ultrastructure of nectaries and relationships to plant systematics, the dynamics of nectar secretion, nectar chemistry and the molecular biology of defence proteins, and more.
《Nectaries and Nectar》是一本专注于探讨植物与其生态环境互动关系的书籍，其核心主题围绕着自然界中那些看似平凡却充满深意的自然现象。书中的内容深入挖掘了花朵开花的精细过程，分析出植物在不同季节和气候条件下的生长机制，并探索这些生命过程如何影响动物的行为与生存。这本书不仅仅停留在单一视角，而是通过科学研究和观察，揭示了植物与传粉者之间复杂而紧密的联系。读者将会在阅读中发现自然界的美丽、复杂以及科学探索的乐趣。 书中详细介绍了不同植物种类的生长周期，从萌发到开花，每一步都被仔细记录和解释。特别关注的是，作者通过大量实例和图文并茂，展示了植物如何通过光合作用、气候变化等外部因素来调节自身的代谢过程，以确保生存和繁衍。在书中，还有专门章节探讨了人类在生态保护中的责任以及未来环境变化对这些自然系统可能带来的挑战。 此外，《Nectaries and Nectar》还提供了许多实际应用的建议，如农业实践、园林设计以及生物多样性的保护措施。这些内容不仅适用于科学研究，也对普通读者具有很大的启示意义。书中强调，理解植物与其环境的关系，对于我们如何更好地与自然共存和保护地球生态系统具有重要意义。 这本书通过精准的描述和深刻的洞见，让读者感受到自然世界的复杂性与美妙。在其中，每一个段落都充满了知识与启迪，特别适合那些对自然科学充满兴趣、希望深入了解生态系统运作的人士阅读。这是一份既具有教育价值又富有艺术感的书籍，它不仅满足了知识求求，也激发了对自然的敬畏与热爱。 总体来说，《Nectaries and Nectar》是一部深沉而全面的文学作品，通过科学与美学的结合，为读者呈现出一个生动且有深度的生态世界。在这本书中，内容丰富、结构清晰，是一份值得多次阅读和思考的佳作。无论是学生、研究者还是普通读者，都可以从这里获得启发与参考。这是一部为理解自然提供了坚实基础的经典之作。
作者简介
目录信息
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
ETTORE PACINI AND SUSAN W. NICOLSON
1 Evolutionary origins 1
2 Secretions analogous to nectar 3
3 Floral and extrafloral nectaries 6
4 Nectar components 8
5 Organization of this volume 11
CHAPTER 2: A SYSTEMATIC SURVEY OF FLORAL NECTARIES
GABRIEL BERNARDELLO
1 Introduction 19
2 Nectaries in gymnosperms 21
3 Nectaries in angiosperms 24
3.1 Diversity 24
3.1.1 Nectar presentation 24
3.1.2 Structure 27
3.1.3 Fate 32
3.1.4 Symmetry 34
3.1.5 Number 35
3.1.6 Colour 36
3.2 Factors influencing nectary diversity 36
3.3 Basic types of floral nectaries 38
3.4 Nectariferous spurs 43
3.5 Patterns of variability in nectaries 45
3.5.1 Asteraceae 46
3.5.2 Brassicaceae 47
3.5.3 Cucurbitaceae 48
3.5.4 Euphorbiaceae 49
3.5.5 Ranunculaceae 50
3.5.6 Solanaceae 51
3.6 Nectaries and deceit pollination 51
3.6.1 Apocynaceae 52
3.6.2 Bignoniaceae 52
3.6.3 Orchidaceae 53
3.7 Relictual nectaries in anemophilous species 53
3.8 Distribution of nectary types 54
3.8.1 Early-branching lineages 56
3.8.2 Magnoliids 57
3.8.3 Early-branching monocots 58
3.8.4 Monocots 58
3.8.5 Commelinids 60
3.8.6 Ceratophyllales 62
3.8.7 Eudicots 62
3.8.8 Core Eudicots 63
3.8.9 Rosids 66
3.8.10 Eurosids I 68
3.8.11 Eurosids II 73
3.8.12 Asterids 76
3.8.13 Euasterids I 79
3.8.14 Euasterids II 82
3.9 Evolutionary trends 84
Appendix 122
CHAPTER 3: NECTARY STRUCTURE AND ULTRASTRUCTURE
MASSIMO NEPI
1 Introduction 129
2 Nectary structure and ultrastructure 131
2.1 Epidermis 132
2.1.1 Secretory trichomes 138
2.1.2 Nectary-modified stomata 139
2.2 Nectary parenchyma 142
2.2.1 Patterns of plastid development in nectary parenchyma cells 148
2.3 Subnectary parenchyma 152
2.4 Nectary vasculature 152
3 Gynopleural (septal) nectaries 154
4 Extrafloral nectaries 155
5 Nectary histochemistry 157
CHAPTER 4: NECTAR PRODUCTION AND PRESENTATION
ETTORE PACINI AND MASSIMO NEPI
1 Introduction 167
2 Nectar secretion mechanism and models of nectary function 168
3 Dynamics of nectar production 174
3.1 Nectar reabsorption: resource recovery and homeostasis 177
3.2 Nectar standing crop 182
4 The source of nectar components 183
5 Ecophysiological significance of parenchyma plastids 187
6 Nectar presentation 190
6.1 Floral nectaries 190
6.2 Extrafloral nectaries 195
7 Fate of nectar and nectaries 195
8 Variability of nectar characteristics 196
8.1 Environmental variables 200
8.2 Intraspecies variability 201
8.3 Interpopulation differences 204
8.4 Variability and experimental design 205
CHAPTER 5: NECTAR CHEMISTRY
SUSAN W. NICOLSON AND ROBERT W. THORNBURG
1 Introduction 215
2 Water 216
2.1 Nectar concentration 217
2.2 Chemical and microclimatic influences on nectar concentration 218
2.3 Viscosity and feeding rates 221
3 Sugars 224
3.1 Constancy of sugar composition within species 225
3.2 The use of sugar ratios can be misleading 227
3.3 Is sugar composition determined by floral visitors or common ancestry? 229
4 Inorganic ions 232
5 Amino acids 233
5.1 Non-protein amino acids 235
5.2 Nectar amino acids are under the control of environmental factors 235
5.3 Contribution of amino acids to the taste of nectar 237
6 Proteins 238
6.1 Proteins in leek nectar 240
6.2 Nectar redox cycle 241
7 Other nectar constituents 243
7.1 Lipids 245
7.2 Organic acids 246
7.3 Phenolics 246
7.4 Alkaloids 247
7.5 Terpenoids 248
8 Conclusion 249
CHAPTER 6: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE NICOTIANA FLORAL NECTARY
ROBERT W. THORNBURG
1 Introduction 265
2 The ornamental tobacco nectary 267
3 Developmental processes 268
3.1 Origin of the floral nectary 269
3.2 Conversion of chloroplasts into chromoplasts 270
3.3 Filling of the nectary 271
4 Protection of the gynoecium 273
5 Gene expression 273
5.1 Macroarray analysis identifies defence genes 274
5.1.1 Role of hydrogen peroxide in plant stress and defence 274
5.1.2 Role of ascorbate in plant stress and defence 275
5.2 EST analysis 276
5.3 Nectary-specific gene expression 277
6 Nectary molecular biology in other species 278
6.1 Other nectary-expressed genes 278
6.2 Metabolism and nectar production 280
6.3 Hormones and nectar production 281
6.4 CO2 and nectar 282
CHAPTER 7: NECTAR CONSUMERS
SUSAN W. NICOLSON
1 Introduction 289
2 Not all floral nectar drinkers are pollinators 292
2.2 Nectar robbing and nectar theft 293
3 Insect nectar consumers 295
3.1 Coleoptera 297
3.2 Diptera
3.3 Lepidoptera 300
3.4 Hymenoptera 304
3.4.1 Wasps 304
3.4.2 Bees 305
3.4.3 Ants 310
4 Vertebrate nectar consumers 312
4.1 Lizards 313
4.2 Birds 313
4.3 Bats 320
4.4 Other mammals 321
5 What happens to nectar during pollinator shifts? 322
6 Conclusion 326
CHAPTER 8: ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF FLORAL NECTARS IN MEDITERRANEAN HABITATS
THEODORA PETANIDOU
1 Nectar secretion in Mediterranean habitats 343
2 Characteristics of Mediterranean nectars 345
2.1 Nectar constituents of Mediterranean nectars 345
2.1.1 Sugars 345
2.1.2 Amino acids 346
2.1.3 Minerals in floral nectars 348
2.1.4 Secondary compounds 348
2.1.5 Nectar viscosity 349
2.2 Issues of nectar quantity and quality 350
2.3 Plant species with no nectar 352
3 Factors shaping nectar secretion and other characteristics 353
3.1 Temperature 353
3.2 Humidity 354
3.3 Light intensity 354
3.4 Water stress 355
3.5 Nutrient stress 356
3.6 Ecological succession 357
4 Matching nectars and flower types 358
5 Nectar and the pollinator interface 360
5.1 Relating consumers to deep-flower nectars 360
5.2 Nectar sugars and pollinators 360
5.3 Nectar amino acids and pollinators 361
5.4 Nectar minerals and pollinators 363
5.5 Nectar secondary compounds and pollinators 364
5.6 Floral nectar, floral diversity, and bee diversity 364
5.7 What types of nectars do pollinators prefer? 365
6 Nectar and management of Mediterranean habitats 366
6.1 Introduced and invasive plants: effects on wild flowers and bees 366
6.2 Invasive bees: beekeeping, bumblebee management, and wild bee conservation 367
INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES 377
SUBJECT INDEX 387
· · · · · · (收起)
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
ETTORE PACINI AND SUSAN W. NICOLSON
1 Evolutionary origins 1
2 Secretions analogous to nectar 3
3 Floral and extrafloral nectaries 6
4 Nectar components 8
5 Organization of this volume 11
CHAPTER 2: A SYSTEMATIC SURVEY OF FLORAL NECTARIES
GABRIEL BERNARDELLO
1 Introduction 19
2 Nectaries in gymnosperms 21
3 Nectaries in angiosperms 24
3.1 Diversity 24
3.1.1 Nectar presentation 24
3.1.2 Structure 27
3.1.3 Fate 32
3.1.4 Symmetry 34
3.1.5 Number 35
3.1.6 Colour 36
3.2 Factors influencing nectary diversity 36
3.3 Basic types of floral nectaries 38
3.4 Nectariferous spurs 43
3.5 Patterns of variability in nectaries 45
3.5.1 Asteraceae 46
3.5.2 Brassicaceae 47
3.5.3 Cucurbitaceae 48
3.5.4 Euphorbiaceae 49
3.5.5 Ranunculaceae 50
3.5.6 Solanaceae 51
3.6 Nectaries and deceit pollination 51
3.6.1 Apocynaceae 52
3.6.2 Bignoniaceae 52
3.6.3 Orchidaceae 53
3.7 Relictual nectaries in anemophilous species 53
3.8 Distribution of nectary types 54
3.8.1 Early-branching lineages 56
3.8.2 Magnoliids 57
3.8.3 Early-branching monocots 58
3.8.4 Monocots 58
3.8.5 Commelinids 60
3.8.6 Ceratophyllales 62
3.8.7 Eudicots 62
3.8.8 Core Eudicots 63
3.8.9 Rosids 66
3.8.10 Eurosids I 68
3.8.11 Eurosids II 73
3.8.12 Asterids 76
3.8.13 Euasterids I 79
3.8.14 Euasterids II 82
3.9 Evolutionary trends 84
Appendix 122
CHAPTER 3: NECTARY STRUCTURE AND ULTRASTRUCTURE
MASSIMO NEPI
1 Introduction 129
2 Nectary structure and ultrastructure 131
2.1 Epidermis 132
2.1.1 Secretory trichomes 138
2.1.2 Nectary-modified stomata 139
2.2 Nectary parenchyma 142
2.2.1 Patterns of plastid development in nectary parenchyma cells 148
2.3 Subnectary parenchyma 152
2.4 Nectary vasculature 152
3 Gynopleural (septal) nectaries 154
4 Extrafloral nectaries 155
5 Nectary histochemistry 157
CHAPTER 4: NECTAR PRODUCTION AND PRESENTATION
ETTORE PACINI AND MASSIMO NEPI
1 Introduction 167
2 Nectar secretion mechanism and models of nectary function 168
3 Dynamics of nectar production 174
3.1 Nectar reabsorption: resource recovery and homeostasis 177
3.2 Nectar standing crop 182
4 The source of nectar components 183
5 Ecophysiological significance of parenchyma plastids 187
6 Nectar presentation 190
6.1 Floral nectaries 190
6.2 Extrafloral nectaries 195
7 Fate of nectar and nectaries 195
8 Variability of nectar characteristics 196
8.1 Environmental variables 200
8.2 Intraspecies variability 201
8.3 Interpopulation differences 204
8.4 Variability and experimental design 205
CHAPTER 5: NECTAR CHEMISTRY
SUSAN W. NICOLSON AND ROBERT W. THORNBURG
1 Introduction 215
2 Water 216
2.1 Nectar concentration 217
2.2 Chemical and microclimatic influences on nectar concentration 218
2.3 Viscosity and feeding rates 221
3 Sugars 224
3.1 Constancy of sugar composition within species 225
3.2 The use of sugar ratios can be misleading 227
3.3 Is sugar composition determined by floral visitors or common ancestry? 229
4 Inorganic ions 232
5 Amino acids 233
5.1 Non-protein amino acids 235
5.2 Nectar amino acids are under the control of environmental factors 235
5.3 Contribution of amino acids to the taste of nectar 237
6 Proteins 238
6.1 Proteins in leek nectar 240
6.2 Nectar redox cycle 241
7 Other nectar constituents 243
7.1 Lipids 245
7.2 Organic acids 246
7.3 Phenolics 246
7.4 Alkaloids 247
7.5 Terpenoids 248
8 Conclusion 249
CHAPTER 6: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE NICOTIANA FLORAL NECTARY
ROBERT W. THORNBURG
1 Introduction 265
2 The ornamental tobacco nectary 267
3 Developmental processes 268
3.1 Origin of the floral nectary 269
3.2 Conversion of chloroplasts into chromoplasts 270
3.3 Filling of the nectary 271
4 Protection of the gynoecium 273
5 Gene expression 273
5.1 Macroarray analysis identifies defence genes 274
5.1.1 Role of hydrogen peroxide in plant stress and defence 274
5.1.2 Role of ascorbate in plant stress and defence 275
5.2 EST analysis 276
5.3 Nectary-specific gene expression 277
6 Nectary molecular biology in other species 278
6.1 Other nectary-expressed genes 278
6.2 Metabolism and nectar production 280
6.3 Hormones and nectar production 281
6.4 CO2 and nectar 282
CHAPTER 7: NECTAR CONSUMERS
SUSAN W. NICOLSON
1 Introduction 289
2 Not all floral nectar drinkers are pollinators 292
2.2 Nectar robbing and nectar theft 293
3 Insect nectar consumers 295
3.1 Coleoptera 297
3.2 Diptera
3.3 Lepidoptera 300
3.4 Hymenoptera 304
3.4.1 Wasps 304
3.4.2 Bees 305
3.4.3 Ants 310
4 Vertebrate nectar consumers 312
4.1 Lizards 313
4.2 Birds 313
4.3 Bats 320
4.4 Other mammals 321
5 What happens to nectar during pollinator shifts? 322
6 Conclusion 326
CHAPTER 8: ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF FLORAL NECTARS IN MEDITERRANEAN HABITATS
THEODORA PETANIDOU
1 Nectar secretion in Mediterranean habitats 343
2 Characteristics of Mediterranean nectars 345
2.1 Nectar constituents of Mediterranean nectars 345
2.1.1 Sugars 345
2.1.2 Amino acids 346
2.1.3 Minerals in floral nectars 348
2.1.4 Secondary compounds 348
2.1.5 Nectar viscosity 349
2.2 Issues of nectar quantity and quality 350
2.3 Plant species with no nectar 352
3 Factors shaping nectar secretion and other characteristics 353
3.1 Temperature 353
3.2 Humidity 354
3.3 Light intensity 354
3.4 Water stress 355
3.5 Nutrient stress 356
3.6 Ecological succession 357
4 Matching nectars and flower types 358
5 Nectar and the pollinator interface 360
5.1 Relating consumers to deep-flower nectars 360
5.2 Nectar sugars and pollinators 360
5.3 Nectar amino acids and pollinators 361
5.4 Nectar minerals and pollinators 363
5.5 Nectar secondary compounds and pollinators 364
5.6 Floral nectar, floral diversity, and bee diversity 364
5.7 What types of nectars do pollinators prefer? 365
6 Nectar and management of Mediterranean habitats 366
6.1 Introduced and invasive plants: effects on wild flowers and bees 366
6.2 Invasive bees: beekeeping, bumblebee management, and wild bee conservation 367
INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES 377
SUBJECT INDEX 387
· · · · · · (收起)
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