Introduction
1. Species: Reality and Concepts
The Reality of Species
Sexually reproducing eukaryotic taxa
Groups with little or no sexual reproduction
Conclusions
Species Concepts
The biological species concept (BSC)
Advantages of the BSC
Problems with the BSC
Other species concepts
Why Are There Species?
2. Studying Speciation
The Problem of Speciation
Identifying and Measuring Reproductive Isolation
Absolute strength of isolating barriers
Relative strength of isolating barriers
Prezygotic versus postzygotic isolation
Which isolating barriers caused speciation?
Comparative Studies of Isolating Barriers
How fast does reproductive isolation appear?
Which traits promote the evolution of reproductive isolation?
3. Allopatric and Parapatric Speciation
Allopatric Speciation
Vicariant speciation
Peripatric speciation
Parapatric Speciation
Theory
Experimental evidence
Evidence from nature
Conclusions
4. Sympatric Speciation
Theory
Disruptive sexual selection
Disruptive natural selection
Conclusions
Experimental Evidence
Evidence from Nature
Evidence from habitat "islands"
Evidence from host races and host-specific species
Allochronic (temporal) isolation in sympatry
Comparative studies of the biogeography of speciation
Conclusions
5. Ecological Isolation
Habitat Isolation
Detecting and measuring habitat isolation
The problem of allopatry
Examples of habitat isolation
Relative importance of habitat isolation
The evolution of habitat isolation
The genetics of habitat isolation
Pollinator (Floral) Isolation
Detecting and measuring pollinator isolation
Examples of pollinator isolation
Relative importance of pollinator isolation
The evolution of pollinator isolation
The genetics of pollinator isolation
Temporal (Allochronic) Isolation
Detecting and measuring temporal isolation
Examples of temporal isolation
Relative importance of temporal isolation
The evolution of temporal isolation
The genetics of temporal isolation
Conclusions
6. Behavioral and Nonecological Isolation
Mating System "Isolation"
Behavioral Isolation
Detecting and measuring behavioral isolation
Examples of behavioral isolation
Relative importance of behavioral isolation
The evolution of behavioral isolation
The genetics of behavioral isolation
Mechanical Isolation
Examples of mechanical isolation
Relative importance of mechanical isolation
The evolution of mechanical isolation
The genetics of mechanical isolation
Gametic (Postmating, Prezygotic) Isolation
Examples of gametic isolation
Relative importance of gametic isolation
The evolution of gametic isolation
Conclusions
7. Postzygotic Isolation
Extrinsic Postzygotic Isolation
Intrinsic Postzygotic Isolation
The Frequency of Various Forms of Postzygotic Isolation
The Evolution of Extrinsic versus Intrinsic Postzygotic Isolation
Genetic Modes of Intrinsic Postzygotic Isolation
Chromosomal speciation: theory
Chromosomal speciation: data
Genic incompatibilities
The evolution of genic incompatibilities: the Dobzhansky-Muller model
Mathematical models of genic speciation
Wolbachia and cytoplasmic incompatibility
Conclusions
8. The Genetics of Postzygotic Isolation
Haldane's Rule
The phenomenon
The causes of Haldane's rule
Conclusions
The Genetic Basis of Postzygotic Isolation
How many genes cause postzygotic isolation?
Complexity of hybrid incompatibilities
Probability of hybrid incompatibilities
Where are the genes causing postzygotic isolation?
Developmental basis of postzygotic isolation
Are duplicate genes important?
Which genes cause postzygotic isolation?
9. Polyploidy and Hybrid Speciation
Polyploidy
Classification
Pathways to polyploidy
Incidence
Frequency of auto- versus allopolyploidy
Ecology and persistence
Why is polyploidy rarer in animals than in plants?
Recombinational Speciation
What is recombinational speciation?
Theory
The data: frequency and artificial hybrids
The data: natural recombinational speciation
The data meet the theory
10. Reinforcement
The Data
Selection experiments
Evidence from nature: case studies
Evidence from nature: comparative studies
Reinforcement of postzygotic isolation
The Theory
Early enthusiasm
Objections to reinforcement
The revival of reinforcement
Alternative Explanations
Publication bias
Differential fusion
Direct ecological effects
Ecological character displacement
Runaway sexual selection
Sympatric speciation
Distinguishing the Alternatives
11. Selection versus Drift
Speciation by Selection
Natural selection
Sexual selection
Mathematical theories of selection-based speciation
Speciation by Drift
Peak shift models
Theoretical Criticisms
Recent Peak Shift Models
The Data
Evidence from the laboratory
Evidence from nature
Conclusions
12. Speciation and Macroevolution
Rates of Speciation
What is a speciation rate?
Theory and speciation rates
Calculating speciation intervals
Extreme rates of speciation
What is the effect of biogeography?
Conclusions
Factors Affecting Speciation Rates
Tests for the effects of key factors
Distinguishing speciation from extinction
The data
Conclusions
Species Selection
Appendix. A Catalogue and Critique of Species Concepts
Genotypic Cluster Species Concept
Recognition Species Concept
Cohesion Species Concept
Evolutionary Species Concept
Ecological Species Concept
Phylogenetic Species Concepts
References
Author Index
Subject Index
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