4.6.3 Network model 118
4.6.4 Routing and Requirement Allocations 119
4.7 Dimensioning 122
4.7.1 QoS‐driven dimensioning 122
4.7.2 Reliability Requirement Based Dimensioning 124
References 127
5 Planning and Optimizing Mobile Backhaul for LTE 129
Raija Lilius, Jari Salo, José Manuel Tapia Pérez and Esa Markus Metsälä
5.1 Introduction 129
5.1.1 Planning and Optimization Process 130
5.1.2 High‐Level Design Overview 131
5.2 Backhaul Network Deployment Scenarios 132
5.2.1 Connectivity Requirements 132
5.2.2 Differences Between Ethernet and IP Connectivity 133
5.2.3 Implications to Backhaul Scenarios 134
5.2.4 Ethernet Services 134
5.2.5 L3 VPN Service 136
5.2.6 Scenario 1: IP Access 137
5.2.7 Scenario 2: Ethernet Service in the Access 137
5.3 Network Topology and Transport Media 138
5.3.1 Access Network Topologies and Media 138
5.3.2 Aggregation Network Topologies 139
5.4 Availability and Resiliency Schemes 139
5.4.1 Availability Calculation 140
5.4.2 Link Resiliency and its Impact on Availability 141
5.4.3 Routing Gateway Redundancy 144
5.4.4 Ethernet Ring Protection (ERP) 147
5.4.5 IP and MPLS Rerouting 148
5.4.6 SCTP Multi‐Homing 149
5.4.7 Connectivity Toward Multiple S‐GWs and MMEs 149
5.4.8 Synchronization Protection 150
5.4.9 OSS Resiliency 150
5.4.10 End‐to‐End Performance of Multilayer Redundancy 151
5.5 QoS Planning 152
5.5.1 QoS in an Access Transport Node 152
5.5.2 Packet Classification 153
5.5.3 Scheduling 156
5.5.4 Traffic Shaping 158
5.5.5 Active Queue Management and Bufferbloat 160
5.5.6 Connection Admission Control 161
5.6 Link Bandwidth Dimensioning 163
5.6.1 Obtaining Input Parameters for User Plane Bandwidth Dimensioning 164
5.6.2 Obtaining Input Parameters for Control Plane Bandwidth Dimensioning 169
5.6.3 Link Bandwidth Dimensioning: Single Queue 172
5.6.4 Link Bandwidth Dimensioning: Multiple Queues 180
5.6.5 Combining Signaling, Voice and Data Traffic 183
5.6.6 Comparison of Bandwidth Dimensioning Formulas 186
5.7 Dimensioning Other Traffic Types 187
5.7.1 Management Traffic 187
5.7.2 Synchronization Traffic 187
5.7.3 Other Traffic Types 188
5.8 Base Station Site Solutions 188
5.9 Security Solutions 189
5.9.1 Network Element Hardening 190
5.9.2 Network Security High‐Level Architecture 190
5.9.3 Security Gateway High Availability 192
5.9.4 IPsec Parameter Planning 196
5.9.5 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) 201
5.9.6 Self‐Organizing Networks (SONs) and Security 203
5.10 IP Planning 203
5.10.1 IP Addressing Alternatives for eNB 204
5.10.2 VLAN Planning 206
5.10.3 IP Addressing 208
5.10.4 Dynamic Versus Static Routing 211
5.10.5 Examples 211
5.11 Synchronization Planning 214
5.11.1 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) 215
5.11.2 Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) 215
5.11.3 IEEE1588 (2008) Frequency Synchronization 218
5.11.4 IEEE1588 (2008) Phase Synchronization 222
5.12 Self‐Organizing Networks (SON) and Management System Connectivity 226
5.12.1 Planning for SON 226
5.12.2 Data Communications Network (DCN) Planning for Transport Network and the Base Stations 227
5.13 LTE Backhaul Optimization 227
5.13.1 Introduction to LTE Backhaul Optimization 227
5.13.2 Proactive Methods 228
5.13.3 Reactive Methods 231
5.13.4 Active vs. Passive Methods 232
References 236
6 Design Examples 239
Jari Salo and Esa Markus Metsälä
6.1 Introduction 239
6.2 Scenario #1: Microwave 239
6.2.1 Synchronization 240
6.2.2 IP Planning 242
6.2.3 Availability 245
6.3 Scenario #2: Leased Line 254
6.3.1 Assumptions for the Use Case 254
6.3.2 Comparing Transport Providers 254
6.3.3 The Solution Summary 258
Reference 258
7 Network Management 259
Raimo Kangas and Esa Markus Metsälä
7.1 Introduction 259
7.2 NMS Architecture 260
7.3 Fault Management 262
7.4 Performance Management 263
7.5 Configuration Management (CM) 263
7.5.1 Maintaining an Up‐to‐Date Picture of the Network 264
7.5.2 Configuration History 264
7.5.3 Configuring Network 265
7.5.4 Policy‐Based Configuration Management 265
7.5.5 Planning Interfaces 266
7.5.6 Network Configuration Discovery 267
7.5.7 Configuration Management of Backhaul Network 267
7.6 Optimization 268
7.7 Self‐Organizing Network (SON) 270
7.8 O&M Protocols 272
7.8.1 SNMP 273
7.8.2 NETCONF 275
7.9 Planning of Network Management System 275
7.9.1 Strategic Planning 276
7.9.2 Analysis 276
7.9.3 Design 277
7.9.4 Implementation 278
7.9.5 Maintenance 278
References 278
8 Summary 279
Esa Markus Metsälä and Juha T.T. Salmelin
Index 281
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