Olena Nikolayenko is Associate Professor of Political Science at Fordham University and an Associate at the Davis Center for Russian

and Eurasian Studies, Harvard University. She received her Ph.D. in

political science from the University of Toronto and held visiting

appointments at the Center on Democracy, Development, and the

Rule of Law, Stanford University; the Davis Center for Russian and

Eurasian Studies, Harvard University; the Princeton Institute for

International and Regional Studies, Princeton University; and the

Department of Sociology, the National University of Kyiv–Mohyla

Academy, Ukraine. Her research was supported by the International

Center on Nonviolent Conflict and the Social Sciences and Humanities

Research Council of Canada.

At the turn of the twenty-first century, a tide of nonviolent youth movements swept across Eastern Europe. Young people demanded political change in repressive political regimes that emerged since the collapse of communism. The Serbian social movement Otpor (“Resistance”）played a vital role in bringing down Slobodan Milosevic in 2000.Inspired by Otpor’s example, similar challenger organizations were formed in the former Soviet republics. The youth movements, however,differed in the extent to which they could mobilize citizens against the authoritarian governments on the eve of national elections. This book argues that the movement’s tactics and state countermoves explain, in no small degree, divergent social movement outcomes. Using data from semistructured interviews with former movement participants, public opinion polls, government publications, nongovernmental organizations’ reports, and newspaper articles, this book traces statemovement interactions in five post-communist states: Azerbaijan,Belarus, Georgia, Serbia, and Ukraine.