<p>THE RESEARCH PAPER<br />
Like other forms of writing， the research paper should be<br />
characterized by lucid， coherent exposition. No set of conven-<br />
tions for preparing a manuscript can replace lively and intelli-<br />
gent writing. Unlike some other forms of writing， however， the<br />
research paper requires writers to seek out and investigate<br />
sources of information other than their own personal knowl-<br />
edge and experience. Research into a topic will yield new<br />
information， sharpen perception of a problem， and lend au-<br />
thority to some hypotheses. The research paper， the final<br />
product of research， is not a collection of other persons opin-<br />
ions but a carefully constructed presentation of an idea---or<br />
series of ideas--that relies on other sources for clarification<br />
and verification. Learned facts and borrowed opinions must be<br />
fully documented in the research paper， usually through end-<br />
notes or footnotes， but always in such a manner that they<br />
support rather than overshadow the paper itself.<br />
2 SELECTING A TOPIC<br />
All writing begins with a topic. If you have some freedom in<br />
choosing a topic， look for one that interests you and that can<br />
be treated effectively within the imposed limits of time and<br />
space. "Twentieth-Century Literature" would not be a suit-<br />
able choice for a term paper or even a dissertation. Students<br />
and scholars alike frequently begin with a fairly general topic<br />
and subsequently refine it， by research， into a more specific<br />
one. The student whose initial topic is "The Imagery of Words-<br />
worth s Prelude，" for instance， might， after some careful<br />
thought and reading， decide to focus on "Nature Imagery in<br />
Book I of Wordsworth s Prelude"; the topic "Modern Avia-<br />
tion" could be narrowed to "The SS2F an~ the Environment."<br />
(On selecting a dissertation topic， see Ap~ndlx， Sec. <br />
</p>
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