Hiking Guide to Poland & Ukraine 在線電子書 圖書標籤:
發表於2024-11-25
Hiking Guide to Poland & Ukraine 在線電子書 pdf 下載 txt下載 epub 下載 mobi 下載 2024
Part One<br > Chapter 1<br > Outline<br >GEOGRAPHY<br >The Carpathian system is part of the Alpine-Himalayan chain, formed<br >relatively recently in the Tertiary alpine orogeny, hut there is as yet no<br >explanation for the formation of the Carpathian-Balkan S-bend. The<br >Carpathian system is as long as the Alps (1,30Okra, but with its ends on<br >the Danube at Bratislava and the Iron Gates only 5OOkm apart} but only<br >half their height, making them easier to cross. For the most part the<br >Carpathian chain is 35-40km wide, and generally consists of three<br >distinct bands, with Flysch (or turbidite) on the outside, young crystalline<br >massifs in the centre and some volcanic ranges intruding on the inner<br >side. The far older and lower remnants of the Hercynian mountains,<br >granite, limestone and schists dating from the Primary era, lie parallel to<br >the north, running from the Vosges via the Ardennes, the Black Forest,<br >the Erzgebirge, and the Karkonosze in southern Poland to northern<br >Dobrogea on Romania s Black Sea coast. Qua rter nar y glaciation occurred<br >only in the Karkonosze, Tatras, Rodnas and the southern Carpathians.<br > Starting from the western end the chain is divided into four sections,<br >of which the first and second are partly in Poland and the second and<br >third in Ukraine:<br >1. The western Carpathians, from Bratislava to the line of the Biala river,<br >the Tylicz pass, and the Topl a and Hornad rivers near Kosice - the<br >widest, highest and most complex section, above all the High Tatras on<br >the Polish-Slovak border, glaciated granite often covered with limestone.<br >2. The Central or Forest Carpathians, from the Tylicz pass to the upper<br >Tisa (Tisza} River; lower sedimentary hills providing major routes from<br >Poland to eastern Slovakia and from Ukraine to Hungary.<br >3. The eastern Carpathians, from the sources of the Tisa almost to<br >Bra~ov in Romania, consisting of parallel ridges of sedimentary rocks<br >(sandstone and conglomerates) to the east, a central crystalline schist<br >zone.with some resistant limestones, and to the west an inner zone of<br >volcanic material.<br >
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Hiking Guide to Poland & Ukraine 在線電子書 pdf 下載 txt下載 epub 下載 mobi 下載 2024