PART 1 OVERVIEW CHAPTERS 1
1 A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages: the interaction
between language contact, change, and inheritance Graham Thurgood 3
1 Introduction 3
2 Sino-Tibetan 6
3 Chinese 6
4 Tibeto-Burman 7
References 20
2 Overview of Sino-Tibetan morphosyntax Randy J. LaPolla 22
1 Sino-Tibetan 22
2 Chinese 29
3 Tibeto-Burman 29
References 36
3 Word order in Sino-Tibetan languages from a typological
and geographical perspective Matthew S. Dryer 43
1 Introduction 43
2 Word order in Tibeto-Burman 43
3 Chinese 48
4 Conclusion 54
References 54
PART 2 OLD CHINESE AND CHINESE DIALECTS 57
4 A sketch of late Zhou Chinese grammar Derek Herforth 59
1 Introduction 59
2 Late Zhou Chinese 59
3 Predication 60
4 Modification, clause demotion and nominalization 63
5 Basic constituent order 66
CONTENTS
vi CONTENTS
6 Conclusion 69
Additional abbreviations 70
References 70
5 The Chinese dialects: phonology Jerry Norman 72
References 82
6 Chinese dialects: grammar Anne O. Yue 84
1 Introduction 84
2 Grammatical categories 84
3 Sentence structure and word order 94
4 Major sentence types 96
Further reading 124
Bibliography 124
7 The characteristics of Mandarin dialects Dah-an Ho 126
1 Mandarin dialects in historical development 126
2 Some characteristics of Mandarin dialects 128
3 The regional characteristics of Mandarin dialects 129
References 130
8 Shanghai Eric Zee and Liejiong Xu 131
1 Shanghai phonology Eric Zee 131
2 Shanghai morphology and syntax Liejiong Xu 138
References 145
9 Cantonese Robert S. Bauer and Stephen Matthews 146
1 Introduction 146
2 Phonology 146
3 Lexicon: colloquial Cantonese vocabulary 150
4 Grammar 151
5 Conclusion 154
References 154
10 Chinese writing Mark Hansell 156
1 Structure and function 156
2 Historical development 160
3 Writing as evidence in historical reconstruction 163
4 Relation to other languages 164
References 165
Further reading 165
CONTENTS vii
PART 3 TIBETO-BURMAN LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS 167
11 The Tibeto-Burman languages of Northeastern India Robbins Burling 169
1 Introduction 169
2 Typology 173
3 Classification 173
4 The central area 175
5 The northern area 178
6 The eastern border area 182
7 Conclusions 189
References 189
PART 4 LOLO-BURMESE LANGUAGES 193
12 Burmese Julian K. Wheatley 195
1 Background 195
2 Phonology 197
3 Wordclasses 200
4 Syntax (constructions and particles) 202
Additional abbreviations 206
References 206
Further reading 207
13 Lahu James A. Matisoff 208
1 Introduction 208
2 Phonology 209
3 Lahu vocabulary and word formation 210
4 Clause structure 211
5 Formclasses 212
6 Argument–verb relations 212
7 The noun phrase 214
8 The verb phrase (VP) 217
9 Nominalization and relativization 219
References 220
14 Lisu David Bradley 222
1 Introduction 222
2 Lisu phonology 223
3 Lisu morphosyntax 226
References 235
15 Akha Inga-Lill Hansson 236
1 Introduction 236
2 Phonology 237
3 Word formation 239
4 Syntax 241
viii CONTENTS
5 Sentence particles 247
6 Noun incorporation 249
7 Final particles 251
References 251
PART 5 BODISH LANGUAGES 253
16 Classical Tibetan Scott DeLancey 255
1 The Tibetan language 255
2 Phonology 256
3 Word classes and inflections 258
4 Word formation 262
5 The noun phrase 263
6 Clause and sentence 265
References 267
17 Lhasa Tibetan Scott DeLancey 270
1 Phonology 270
2 Nouns, adjectives, and nominal morphology 273
3 The verb 276
4 Word formation 281
5 Syntax 282
References 286
PART 6 TGTM LANGUAGES 289
18 Tamang Martine Mazaudon 291
1 Introduction 291
2 Phonology 291
3 Typological summary 293
4 Basic sentences 293
5 The noun phrase 297
6 The verb phrase 300
7 Complex sentences 302
8 Comparison 309
9 Questions 310
10 Information structure 311
Additional abbreviations 313
References 313
19 Chantyal Michael Noonan 315
1 Introduction 315
2 Phonology 315
3 Morphology 318
4 Word formation 327
5 Syntax 329
References 334
CONTENTS ix
20 Nar-Phu Michael Noonan 336
1 Introduction 336
2 Phonology 337
3 Morphology 340
4 Word formation 347
5 Syntax 348
References 352
PART 7 NEWAR DIALECTS 353
21 Dolakh% New%r Carol Genetti 355
1 Introduction 355
2 Phonology 356
3 Morphology 357
4 Verbs 359
5 Syntax 361
6 Narrative text 364
Additional abbreviations 369
References 370
22 Kathmandu Newar (Nep%l Bh%x%) David Hargreaves 371
1 Introduction 371
2 Phonology 372
3 Inflectional morphology 373
4 Word formation 377
5 Syntax 378
References 383
PART 8 NORTHEASTERN INDIA 385
23 Garo Robbins Burling 387
1 Introduction 387
2 Phonology 388
3 Verbs 390
4 Noun phrases 391
5 Adverbs and reduplication 397
6 Complex sentences 397
7 Language contact and language maintenance 399
References 400
24 Jinghpo Dai Qingxia and Lon Diehl 401
1 Phonology 401
2 Grammar 403
x CONTENTS
25 Hakha Lai David A. Peterson 409
1 Introduction 409
2 Phonology 409
3 Inflectional morphology 410
4 Syntax 419
References 424
Further reading 426
26 Meithei Shobhana L. Chelliah 427
1 Location and classification 427
2 Phonetics and phonology 427
3 Morphology 429
4 Major lexical categories 431
5 Evidentiality 432
6 Syntax 433
References 437
Further reading 438
27 Tshangla Erik Andvik 439
1 Introduction 439
2 Phonology 439
3 Morphophonemics 440
4 Noun phrase 441
5 Syntactic roles 443
6 Case marking 444
7 Tense/aspect 446
8 Negation 446
9 Mirativity 447
10 Copular clauses 448
11 Modality and sentence-types 448
12 Relative clauses 450
13 Complementation 451
14 Adverbial clauses 452
15 Clause chains 452
16 Concatenation 453
17 Grammaticalized non-final verbs 453
References 455
Further reading 455
28 Tani languages Jackson T.-S. Sun 456
1 Background 456
2 Phonology 456
3 Morphology 458
4 Syntax 462
Additional abbreviations 465
References 466
CONTENTS xi
PART 9 GYALRONG LANGUAGES 467
29 Cogtse Gyarong Yasuhiko Nagano 469
1 Introduction 469
2 Outline of phonology 470
3 Morphology and morphosyntax 471
References 489
30 Caodeng rGyalrong Jackson T.-S. Sun 490
1 Background 490
2 Phonology 490
3 Morphology 491
4 Syntax 497
Additional abbreviations 502
References 502
PART 10 KIRANTI LANGUAGES 503
31 Kiranti languages: an overview Karen H. Ebert 505
1 Introduction 505
2 Typological characteristics 505
3 Genetic and areal groupings 516
Additional abbreviations 517
References 517
32 Hayu Boyd Michailovsky 518
1 Introduction 518
2 Phonology 518
3 Morphophonology 519
4 Verb morphology 520
5 Non-verbal morphology and word classes 523
6 Syntax 524
7 Information structure and discourse particles 530
8 The noun phrase 530
Additional abbreviations 531
References 532
33 Camling Karen H. Ebert 533
1 Introduction 533
2 Phonology 533
3 Nominals 534
4 The verb 537
5 Syntax 542
Additional abbreviations 545
References 545
xii CONTENTS
34 Belhare Balthasar Bickel 546
1 Introduction 546
2 Phonology 546
3 Inflectional morphology 548
4 Derivational morphology and compounding 559
5 Syntax 561
Additional abbreviations 569
References 569
PART 11 QIANGIC LANGUAGES 571
35 Qiang Randy J. LaPolla 573
1 The phonological system 573
2 The noun phrase 575
3 Nominal relational morphology 577
4 The verb complex 579
5 Adverbials 583
6 The clause 584
References 586
36 Prinmi Picus Sizhi Ding 588
1 Introduction 588
2 Phonology 588
3 Morphology 591
4 Syntax 594
References 601
37 Tangut Gong Hwang-Cherng 602
1 Introduction 602
2 Phonology 602
3 Morphology 606
4 Word formation 610
5 Syntax 612
References 619
PART 12 KAREN LANGUAGES 621
38 Eastern Kayah Li David Solnit 623
1 Introduction 623
2 Phonology 624
3 Word formation 625
4 Syntax 626
References 631
CONTENTS xiii
39 Pwo Karen Atsuhiko Kato 632
1 Introduction 632
2 Sounds 633
3 Parts of speech 634
4 Morphology 637
5 Syntax 639
Additional abbreviations 647
References 648
PART 13 OTHER LANGUAGES 649
40 Yunnan Bai Grace Wiersma 651
1 Introduction 651
2 Phonology 654
3 Wordclasses 661
4 Word formation processes 666
5 Syntax 669
References 672
41 Dulong Randy J. LaPolla 674
1 Introduction 674
2 Phonology 674
3 Morphosyntax 675
References 682
42 Kham David E. Watters 683
1 Introduction 683
2 Phonology 685
3 Inflectional morphology 688
4 Adjectives and adjectivals 699
5 Noun phrase syntax 700
6 Nominalizations 701
7 Clause chains and switch reference 702
8 Evidentials 703
References 703
43 Lepcha Heleen Plaisier 705
1 Introduction 705
2 Phonology 705
3 Nominal morphology 707
4 Verbal morphology 712
5 Text 715
Additional abbreviations 715
References 716
Index 717
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