Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences

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出版者:Cambridge University Press
作者:Mendelsohn, Everett 编
出品人:
页数:592
译者:
出版时间:2003-10-30
价格:USD 103.00
装帧:Paperback
isbn号码:9780521524858
丛书系列:
图书标签:
  • 科学史
  • 科学哲学
  • 知识社会学
  • 文化研究
  • 转型
  • 传统
  • 科学发展
  • 知识演变
  • 历史视角
  • 学术史
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具体描述

Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences presents a sampling of work in the history of science by colleagues and former students and associates of I. Bernard Cohen, one of the most influential figures in the rise of the history of science as a scholarly discipline. The volume is divided into four parts: the history and philosophy of the exact sciences and mathematics; the eighteenth-century tradition; science in America; and scientific ideas in their cultural context. These major themes, each of which has been a subject of study by Professor Cohen, will interest a range of historians interested in the development of science and the history of ideas.

好的,这是一份关于一本虚构的图书的详细简介,该书与“Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences”无关。 书名:《星辰之歌:古代天文学中的宇宙观与哲学基础》 作者:艾莉森·文森特 出版社:星辉文化 ISBN:978-1-23456-789-0 内容简介 《星辰之歌:古代天文学中的宇宙观与哲学基础》是一部深入剖析人类历史上早期文明如何理解、观察并构建其宇宙图景的学术专著。本书超越了单纯的观测记录或技术演变,聚焦于支撑这些早期天文学体系的深层哲学、宗教和文化假设。文森特博士以其深厚的历史学和科学史功底,带领读者穿越古巴比伦的星盘、古埃及的星历、玛雅的金字塔观测站,乃至古希腊的思辨世界,揭示了人类在面对浩瀚宇宙时所迸发出的原始好奇心及其构建意义的努力。 本书的核心论点在于,古代天文学并非一套孤立的科学实践,而是与当时的形而上学、神学和政治结构紧密交织的文化现象。我们所见的星象记录、历法制定乃至天体运行的理论模型,无不承载着特定社会对秩序、命运和神圣性的理解。 第一部分:宇宙的起源与神圣的秩序 本书首先探讨了美索不达米亚文明在天文学发展中的基石作用。我们审视了苏美尔和巴比伦的泥板文献,这些文献不仅记录了对行星运动的精确预测,更揭示了星辰与人类事务之间存在的“共时性”观念。在这一部分,文森特详细分析了占星术(Astrology)与天文学(Astronomy)在早期阶段是如何相互依存、密不可分的。天文学家往往也是祭司或王朝的顾问,他们的观测成果直接服务于政治合法性和对未来灾祸的预警。例如,书中对《恩玛·伊鲁》(Enūma Anu Enlil)系列占卜文本的解读,揭示了特定天体现象如何被解读为诸神旨意的体现,从而构建了一个充满神谕和象征意义的宇宙模型。 紧接着,本书将目光投向尼罗河流域。古埃及天文学的特点在于其与农业周期和法老神权的高度统一。书中细致考察了“偕日升”(Sothis rising)——天狼星的出现——如何成为确定新年和尼罗河泛滥日期的关键指标。这种“实用性”的导向,使得埃及的天文学系统更加侧重于时间管理和仪式指导,而非纯粹的几何模型构建。文森特指出,埃及的宇宙观深受“永恒”与“循环”概念的影响,这直接体现在他们对日出日落和季节更替的观测模式中。 第二部分:几何的精炼与哲学的碰撞 本书的中间部分转向古典时期,探讨了古希腊思想家如何将天文学从神谕的桎梏中解放出来,并开始寻求纯粹的数学和几何解释。 首先,我们回顾了毕达哥拉斯学派及其对“天体和谐”(Celestial Harmony)的痴迷。书中详细阐述了他们如何用完美的几何形状——圆和球体——来描绘宇宙,并相信天体的运动必然遵循内在的数学比例,这种对“数”的信仰,是西方理性思辨的滥觞。 随后,重点分析了柏拉图和亚里士多德对宇宙论的奠基性贡献。亚里士多德的“同心球模型”及其“不动的第一推动者”概念,为中世纪的宇宙观提供了长达千年的哲学框架。文森特深入剖析了亚里士多德模型中的“自然位置”和“以太”概念,强调了这种物理学与形而上学相结合的宇宙观,如何系统性地解释了地球在宇宙中的中心地位,及其运动的内在必然性。书中还对比了柏拉图学院派的观测实践与亚里士多德的理论构建之间的张力。 第三部分:中美洲的独立演进与观测的精确性 为了提供更广阔的视角,本书专门开辟章节,审视了与欧亚大陆文明发展路径完全不同的中美洲文明——特别是玛雅和阿兹特克。这里的分析着重于他们的历法系统,特别是“长纪历”(Long Count)的复杂结构和对金星(被视为战神)轨道的惊人追踪能力。 文森特强调,与地中海文明不同,中美洲的天文学与祭祀仪式和战争规划的关联更为直接和即时。书中通过对奇琴伊察金字塔等天文台遗址的考察,论证了这些文明如何发展出高度精确的观测技术,即使他们没有发展出欧几里得式的演绎几何学来解释运动的“原因”。他们的成功建立在对周期性(周期性而非动态性)的极致把握之上。书中对玛雅“金星表”的细致解读,揭示了其对周期性回归的深刻理解。 第四部分:知识的传承、融合与变异 在本书的最后一部分,文森特探讨了古代知识的传播与重塑。她关注了希腊化时期,特别是亚历山大图书馆的学者们(如托勒密)如何吸收、整合了巴比伦的观测数据和希腊的几何框架。托勒密的《至大论》(Almagest)被置于一个更宽泛的背景下进行审视,它不仅仅是一套计算工具,更是古代知识体系的集大成者,它通过引入本轮均轮等复杂的数学构造,成功地将观测到的不规则性融入到完美的圆形运动框架中。 此外,书中还探讨了这些知识在伊斯兰黄金时代如何被保存、翻译和进一步发展,为后来的欧洲文艺复兴提供了不可或缺的桥梁。 结论:超越工具性的理解 《星辰之歌》最终旨在说明,古代天文学的价值远不止于其对现代科学的预示作用。每一套古代宇宙观都是特定人类群体在特定历史语境下,对自身在宏大宇宙中位置的深刻思考和表达。通过对这些哲学基础和文化语境的重构,我们得以更全面地理解人类对宇宙秩序永恒的追寻。本书为科学史、人类学和哲学研究者提供了一个丰富且富有洞察力的框架,来重新评估古代文明的智力成就。 目标读者: 科学史、古代文明史、哲学史、天文学史和人类学研究者及爱好者。

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From the moment I saw the title 《Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences》, I felt a strong connection to its subject matter. It speaks to the very essence of how scientific knowledge is constructed, maintained, and, crucially, evolves. My own studies have often led me to ponder the delicate balance between respecting the established wisdom of the past and the imperative to push the boundaries of our understanding. I anticipate this book will delve deeply into what constitutes "tradition" within the scientific context. Is it the ingrained methodologies, the enduring theoretical frameworks, or perhaps the established ways of thinking that guide scientific inquiry across generations? Furthermore, I am eager to understand how "transformation" manifests within these traditions. Does it involve outright rejection, or a more subtle process of adaptation and reinterpretation? The title suggests an exploration of both continuity and change, and I am hoping for a rich and detailed presentation of historical examples that illustrate this dynamic. I am particularly interested in how scientific communities have historically grappled with novel ideas that challenge established norms, and how those established norms themselves are reshaped by the very process of scientific discovery. The potential of this book, in my view, lies in its ability to provide a more sophisticated understanding of scientific progress, one that acknowledges the profound influence of historical context.

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我之所以会被《Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences》这个书名所吸引,是因为它触及了我对科学认知中一个核心的困惑:科学的进步究竟是一种抛弃旧的,还是在旧的基础上添加?长期以来,我总觉得科学的叙事倾向于强调颠覆和革命,将伟大的科学家描绘成打破常规的叛逆者。然而,当我深入了解一些科学史的细节时,我发现情况远非如此简单。许多伟大的思想,尽管在后来被认为是革命性的,但在其诞生的初期,往往是建立在前辈们工作的基础上,甚至是试图解决前辈们理论中存在的矛盾。这种“在传统中变革”的模式,我认为比纯粹的“颠覆”更能体现科学的内在逻辑。例如,量子力学的诞生,虽然彻底改变了我们对微观世界的理解,但它依然是在经典物理学未能解释的现象(如黑体辐射、光电效应)的基础上发展起来的,并且在很多层面上,它也继承了物理学中某些数学工具和研究方法。这本书的书名似乎正是抓住了这一点,它没有简单地将“变革”与“传统”对立起来,而是将它们并置,暗示了一种复杂的、动态的关系。我非常期待书中能够提供具体的历史案例,来阐释这种关系是如何在不同学科、不同时期展现出来的。我希望作者能够深入挖掘那些不那么广为人知但却至关重要的科学发展过程,展示科学家们是如何在既有的知识体系和实践经验中,发现问题、提出假设、设计实验、并最终引导科学走向新的方向。这本书的价值,或许就在于能够帮助读者摆脱对科学过于简单化的认知,认识到科学的生命力在于其既有坚实的根基,又有不断向外伸展的枝叶,二者缺一不可。

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The title 《Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences》 immediately resonated with my interest in the historical development of scientific thought. It hints at a nuanced perspective that moves beyond simplistic narratives of discovery and instead explores the complex interplay between continuity and change. I'm particularly intrigued by how the book might define and illustrate "tradition" within the scientific realm. Is it about the established methodologies passed down through generations, the foundational theories that form the bedrock of current knowledge, or perhaps the evolving cultural and institutional norms that shape scientific practice? Equally, I'm eager to understand the nature of "transformation" as presented in the book. Does it primarily focus on the radical shifts like scientific revolutions, or does it also encompass the more subtle, yet crucial, adaptations and re-interpretations of existing scientific ideas? I'm looking forward to a detailed examination of how these two forces—tradition and transformation—interact and influence each other throughout the history of science. I anticipate that the author will provide compelling case studies that showcase how new scientific advancements are often built upon, and in dialogue with, established knowledge, rather than simply emerging ex nihilo. The book's promise lies in its potential to offer a richer, more comprehensive understanding of how scientific knowledge evolves.

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《Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences》这个书名,在我看来,直指科学发展的内在张力。科学并非凭空产生,它建立在过去的成就之上,但同时又必须不断突破旧有的界限。这种“推陈出新”的过程,是如何在科学共同体内发生的,一直是让我着迷的研究课题。我希望这本书能提供一些关于科学社群如何处理这种张力的视角。例如,当一个具有颠覆性的新理论出现时,传统的主流科学界是如何反应的?是立刻接受,还是经历一个漫长的、充满争议的接受过程?在这个过程中,有哪些“传统”因素,比如既有的研究方法、学科边界、甚至研究者的个人声誉,会影响新理论的传播和接受?反之,新的科学成果又如何反过来影响和重塑那些“传统”?是让它们变得更强大,还是迫使它们做出调整甚至被淘汰?我特别关注书中是否会探讨那些“隐性传统”,比如科学研究中的伦理规范、学术评价标准、以及科学知识的传播方式等。这些隐性的传统,虽然不像具体的理论或实验那样显眼,但它们对科学的走向有着深远的影响。这本书如果能深入剖析这些层面,我想它一定能为理解科学的动态发展提供一个更全面、更深刻的视角。我期待书中能有具体的历史案例,比如某个实验技术的演进如何推动了相关理论的发展,或者某个学科的形成如何整合了不同源头的研究传统,从而展现出“变革”与“传统”之间复杂而迷人的互动。

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I was immediately drawn to the title 《Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences》 because it speaks to a core dynamic that I find fascinating about the scientific enterprise: the constant negotiation between established knowledge and the drive for new understanding. It suggests that science isn't a purely revolutionary endeavor, but one deeply rooted in its past. I'm eager to explore how the book defines and illustrates "tradition" within scientific disciplines. Does it encompass the rigorous methodologies honed over centuries, the foundational theories that underpin current research, or perhaps the unspoken conventions that guide scientific inquiry? Equally, I'm keen to understand the nature of "transformation" in this context. Is it solely about paradigm shifts, or does it also include the more incremental, yet equally significant, adaptations and refinements of existing theories and practices? The title implies a careful consideration of both continuity and disruption, and I anticipate that the book will provide a rich tapestry of historical examples to illustrate this complex relationship. I’m hoping for an in-depth analysis of how scientific communities have historically responded to new ideas that challenge established norms, and how those established norms themselves have been reshaped by the very act of inquiry. The potential value of this book, for me, lies in its ability to offer a more holistic understanding of scientific evolution, one that acknowledges the enduring influence of the past while celebrating the power of innovation.

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The title 《Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences》 immediately grabbed my attention because it addresses a fundamental aspect of scientific progress that is often overlooked: the interplay between established practices and the impetus for change. My understanding of science has always been that it's not a series of isolated breakthroughs, but rather a continuous process of refinement and re-evaluation. I'm curious to see how this book will explore the concept of "tradition" in science. Does it refer to established methodologies, dominant theoretical frameworks, or perhaps the cultural norms within scientific communities? I'm particularly interested in understanding how these traditions are maintained, challenged, and ultimately transformed. The "transformation" aspect of the title suggests a focus on the revolutionary moments, but I hope the book will also illuminate the more gradual evolutions that occur within the scientific landscape. I anticipate that the author will present compelling historical examples that demonstrate how seemingly minor shifts in experimental techniques or theoretical assumptions can, over time, lead to profound changes in our scientific understanding. The book’s potential lies in its ability to offer a richer, more nuanced perspective on how science progresses, moving beyond a simple narrative of discovery to explore the complex web of continuity and change that defines scientific advancement. I’m looking forward to a detailed exploration of how these forces interact.

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从《Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences》这个标题上,我立刻联想到科学史上那些看似微小却能引发巨大变革的“传统”实践。我们常常聚焦于那些伟大的理论家和突破性的发现,但很少去关注那些默默支撑着科学进步的“传统”。比如,科学实验技术的不断精进,从最初的简单观察到复杂的仪器操作,这种技艺的传承和发展,是如何为新的科学知识的涌现奠定基础的?再比如,数学作为一种普遍的科学语言,其自身的发展和应用,又是如何塑造了不同科学分支的“传统”?我期望这本书能够深入挖掘这些“隐性”的传统,展示它们是如何在科学发展中扮演关键角色的。它们不是静止不变的,而是在不断地被新的科学实践所检验、调整甚至重塑。同时,我也期待书中能够探讨“变革”是如何在“传统”的土壤中孕育并最终爆发的。这种变革,往往不是对过去的完全否定,而是在继承和发展的基础上,对原有的范式进行深刻的调整。例如,新的理论如何利用旧的数学工具,但赋予它们新的解释和意义;新的实验方法如何建立在旧的技术基础上,但通过创新实现质的飞跃。这本书的价值,我认为在于能够帮助我们理解科学并非总是激进的革命,而更多的是一种持续的、在传统与变革之间动态平衡的演化过程。我非常期待书中能够提供具体的历史案例,来佐证这些观点,让我能够更清晰地看到科学发展的脉络。

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《Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences》这个书名, immediately conjured up images of how scientific knowledge is built and how it evolves. It speaks to the inherent tension between established practices and the drive for new discoveries. I'm particularly drawn to the idea that "tradition" in science isn't just about dogma to be overthrown, but rather a foundation upon which new structures are built. I anticipate the book will delve into the historical context of scientific advancements, exploring how the prevailing scientific paradigms, methodologies, and even the social structures of scientific communities have influenced the pace and direction of change. I'm eager to understand how certain "traditions" – perhaps specific experimental techniques, mathematical frameworks, or even philosophical underpinnings of scientific inquiry – have persisted and been adapted over time, while simultaneously being challenged and transformed by new evidence and theoretical insights. The title suggests a nuanced view, one that acknowledges the continuity of scientific endeavor as much as its revolutionary leaps. I'm hoping for detailed case studies that illustrate this interplay, perhaps examining how advancements in fields like physics, chemistry, or biology were not entirely divorced from their historical antecedents, but rather emerged through a process of both building upon and critically engaging with existing scientific knowledge. The book's promise lies in illuminating the complex, often subtle, ways in which scientific progress is a product of both inheritance and innovation.

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《Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences》这个书名,让我联想到科学研究中一个普遍存在的现象:新的思想和方法,往往是在与旧有的观念和实践的互动中产生的。科学的进步,在我看来,并非简单地推翻过去,而是在对传统的理解、批判和发展中实现的。我希望这本书能够深入探讨这种“在传统中变革”的模式。它不回避科学的颠覆性时刻,但更侧重于展示变革是如何在既有的基础上悄然发生,或者在与旧观念的拉锯中逐渐确立自身的合法性。我期待书中能提供具体的历史案例,展示那些看似“老生常谈”的科学传统,是如何成为孕育新思想的温床。例如,某种实验技术的熟练掌握,可能在无意中揭示了新的自然现象;某个被长期沿用的理论框架,虽然在某些方面存在不足,但其内部的逻辑和概念,又为后来的理论革新提供了重要的思想资源。反过来,科学的“变革”又如何重塑和更新那些“传统”?是让它们焕发新的生命力,还是彻底将其取代?我对书中能够提供一些关于科学共同体如何处理这种关系的思考,例如,新旧观念的碰撞如何影响科学家的个人研究,以及这种碰撞最终如何反映在科学知识的体系中。这本书的价值,我认为在于它能够揭示科学发展过程中那种深刻的辩证关系,让我们看到科学的生命力是如何在传承与创新之间找到平衡。

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这本书的标题《Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences》立刻勾起了我的好奇心,它承诺了一个深刻的探讨,关于科学是如何在传承与变革之间不断前行的。我一直对科学发展史中那些伟大的转折点以及那些默默无闻却至关重要的传统感到着迷,这本书似乎正好触及了我最感兴趣的领域。想象一下,那些曾经被奉为圭臬的理论,是如何被新的发现颠覆,又是如何在新的理论框架下找到新的意义。这不仅仅是关于理论的更迭,更是关于科学家思维方式的演变,是关于科学社群在面对未知时,如何平衡对既有知识的尊重与对新事物的探索。我期待书中能够深入剖析那些标志性的科学革命,比如哥白尼的日心说如何挑战了托勒密的地球中心说,牛顿的万有引力如何整合了地面与天上的力学,爱因斯坦的相对论又如何重塑了我们对空间与时间的认知。但同时,我也希望作者能关注那些不那么轰轰烈烈,却同样重要的“传统”——例如,实验方法的不断精进,数学工具的日益完善,以及科学研究中那些未言明的实践规范和价值判断,它们是如何代代相传,并在潜移默化中塑造着科学的走向。这本书的标题本身就暗示了一种辩证的视角,它不是简单地将科学视为线性的进步,而是认识到传统的力量,以及在传统基础上发生的深刻变革。我希望书中能提供丰富的案例研究,从物理学、化学、生物学乃至更广泛的科学领域,来支撑其观点,让读者能够清晰地看到“传统”是如何为“变革”提供土壤,而“变革”又如何反过来激活和重塑“传统”。这种双向互动,在我看来,才是理解科学生命力的关键。

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