Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 6
Copyright......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Figures......Page 10
Tables......Page 11
Contributors......Page 12
1 Introduction......Page 17
Categorising democracy in the ‘Third World’......Page 21
‘Facade’ democracy......Page 22
‘Electoral’ democracy......Page 23
‘Full’ democracy......Page 26
What is democratic consolidation?......Page 27
External factors and democratic consolidation......Page 30
Conclusion......Page 33
Notes......Page 36
2 Quality assessment of democracy in the ‘Third World’......Page 38
What is the value of a democratic audit?......Page 39
Establishing the standards for an audit......Page 40
Examining the electoral process......Page 42
Freedom from intimidation, bribery and dishonesty......Page 43
Candidature opportunity regardless of age, literacy or parentage......Page 44
Examining the openness and accountability of government......Page 45
Parliamentarians’ accessibility to their constituents......Page 46
Where local government is merely an administrative arm of central government......Page 47
National consciousness......Page 48
Public support for democracy and the rule of law......Page 49
Drawbacks of the methodology......Page 50
Conclusion: the benefits of measuring democratic quality......Page 51
Introduction......Page 52
Illiberal democracy: operationalisation......Page 55
Empirical enquiry: roots and performance of illiberal democracy......Page 58
Design and methodology......Page 59
Colonial traditions......Page 60
Ethnic structure and cultural orientation......Page 61
The performance of illiberal democracy......Page 62
Societal performance......Page 63
Public policy performance......Page 64
Economic performance......Page 65
Social performance......Page 67
Discussion......Page 68
Appendix: ‘Third World’ countries classified according to regime-type......Page 71
4 Electoral institutional change and democratisation......Page 73
The case for conducting qualitatively acceptable elections in transitional democracies......Page 75
What should be done?......Page 79
The electoral process......Page 83
Step 1: Establishment of the legal framework for the electoral process......Page 85
Step 2: Establishment of an adequate election management structure......Page 87
Step 5: Voter registration......Page 88
Step 7: Regulation of the electoral campaign......Page 89
Step 10: The electoral court system......Page 90
Conclusion......Page 91
5 Party institutionalisation and the new democracies......Page 93
Party institutionalisation: refining the concept......Page 95
Party institutionalisation in the ‘Third World’......Page 100
Party-building......Page 101
Organisational resources......Page 102
The party and its leadership......Page 103
Factionalism......Page 104
Clientelism......Page 105
Party system institutionalisation......Page 108
Conclusion......Page 113
Notes......Page 114
Introduction......Page 116
Indirect effects, contagion and diffusion......Page 118
Political conditionality......Page 119
Positive measures......Page 120
A justification of the international promotion of democracy......Page 121
The genesis of a global player......Page 122
External trade policy......Page 123
Development policy......Page 124
The significance of the EU in democratisation processes......Page 126
The EU’s promotion of democratisation in Malawi......Page 127
The EU’s promotion of democratic consolidation in Malawi......Page 129
Conclusion......Page 131
Notes......Page 132
Introduction......Page 134
Democratic transition......Page 136
Institutional checks and balances......Page 139
From election victory into government......Page 141
Declining state authority......Page 143
Corruption......Page 144
Citizenship and the rule of law......Page 145
Socio-economic constraints......Page 147
Conclusions......Page 148
Notes......Page 149
8 Taking stock of democracy in Zambia......Page 151
Economic and socio-economic......Page 152
Political culture and political behaviour......Page 154
Civil society......Page 155
History as good news......Page 158
History as bad news......Page 159
The path and pitfalls of change......Page 160
Institutional matters......Page 161
Structure versus agency?......Page 162
Society......Page 163
Regional politics......Page 164
International political economy......Page 165
Looking ahead......Page 167
Notes......Page 170
Democracy and political parties......Page 171
The Indian National Congress (INC) and democracy......Page 174
Indira Gandhi and the demise of the Congress system......Page 178
The proliferation of Indian political parties......Page 181
Consequences of party proliferation and coalitions for democracy in India......Page 182
Aggregation......Page 184
Conciliation......Page 186
Commitment to liberal democratic values......Page 187
Conclusions......Page 188
Notes......Page 189
The new consensus on democracy is not good enough......Page 190
Biased definitions......Page 191
Elite manoeuvres......Page 192
Little knowledge of the most important processes......Page 194
The new primacy of local and mass politics......Page 195
Popular politics of democratisation......Page 196
Background......Page 197
Single issues and special interests......Page 198
The elections and their aftermath......Page 199
The birth of the world’s third-largest democracy......Page 200
The regional grievances and the crisis in East Timor......Page 202
Beyond aliran politics: de-Golkarisation or elite reconciliation?......Page 206
Gus Dur’s ‘Pact Order’ and the political violence......Page 207
Neglected democratic preconditions......Page 210
A democratic vacuum—and a race to fill it......Page 211
Notes......Page 215
11 Conclusions......Page 217
Structured contingency and democracy......Page 218
Political culture and the legitimacy of the post-authoritarian regime......Page 222
The armed forces......Page 223
Civil and political society......Page 224
Economic aspects......Page 226
International factors......Page 227
The future......Page 229
Bibliography......Page 231
Index......Page 251
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