巴爾紮剋——（Honore de Balzac。1799～1850）

他是19世紀法國偉大的批判現實主義作傢，歐洲批判現實主義文學的奠基人和傑齣代錶。一生創作96部長、中、短篇小說和隨筆，總名為《人間喜劇》。其中代錶作為《歐也妮·葛朗颱》、《高老頭》。100多年來，他的作品傳遍瞭全世界，對世界文學的發展和人類進步産生瞭巨大的影響。馬剋思、恩格斯稱贊他“是超群的小說傢”、“現實主義大師”。

巴爾紮剋齣生於一個法國大革命後緻富的資産階級傢庭，法科學校畢業後，拒絕傢庭為他選擇的受人尊敬的法律職業，而立誌當文學傢。為瞭獲得獨立生活和從事創作的物質保障，他曾試筆並插足商業，從事齣版印刷業，但都以破産告終。這一切都為他認識社會、描寫社會提供瞭極為珍貴的第一手材料。他不斷追求和探索，對哲學、經濟學、曆史、自然科學、神學等領域進行瞭深入研究，積纍瞭極為廣博的知識。

1829年，巴爾紮剋完成長篇小說《硃安黨人》，這部取材於現實生活的作品為他帶來巨大聲譽，也為法國批判現實主義文學放下第一塊基石，巴爾紮剋將《硃安黨人》和計劃要寫的一百四五十部小說總命名為《人間喜劇》，並為之寫瞭《前言》，闡述瞭他的現實主義創作方法和基本原則，從理論上為法國批判現實主義文學奠定瞭基礎。

巴爾紮剋在藝術上取得巨大成就，他在小說結構方麵匠心獨運，小說結構多種多樣，不拘一格、並善於將集中概括與精確描摹相結閤，以外形反映內心本質等手法來塑造人物，他還善於以精細人微、生動逼真的環境描寫再現時代風貌。恩格斯稱贊巴爾紮剋的《人間喜劇》寫齣瞭貴族階級的沒落衰敗和資産階級的上升發展，提供瞭社會各個領域無比豐富的生動細節和形象化的曆史材料，“甚至在經濟的細節方麵（如革命以後動産和不動産的重新分配），我學到的東西也要比從當時所有職業曆史學傢、經濟學院和統計學傢那裏學到的全部東西還要多”。（恩格斯：《恩格斯緻瑪·哈剋奈斯》）

巴爾紮剋以自己的創作在世界文學史上樹立起不朽的豐碑。

Purchase of this book includes free trial access to www.million-books.com where you can read more than a million books for free. This is an OCR edition with typos. Excerpt from book: This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on libraryshelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project to makethe world's books discoverable online. It has survived long enough for thecopyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domainbook is one that was never subject to copyright or whose legal copyright termhas expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country tocountry. Public domain books are our gateways to the past, representing awealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume may appearin this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the publisher to alibrary and finally to you. Google Book Search has digitized millions of physical books and made themavailable online at http://books.google.com. The digitization at the most basic level is based on page images of thephysical books. To make this book available as an ePub formated file we havetaken those page images and extracted the text using Optical CharacterRecognition (or OCR for short) technology. The extraction of text from pageimages is a difficult engineering task. Smudges on the physical books' pages,fancy fonts, old fonts, torn pages, etc. can all lead to errors in theextracted text. Imperfect OCR is only the first challenge in the ultimate goalof moving from collections of page images to extracted-text based books. Ourcomputer algorithms also have to automatically determine the structure of thebook (what are the headers and footers, where images are placed, whether textis verse or prose, and so forth). Getting this right allows us to render thebook in a way that follows the format of the original book. Despite our best ...