果戈理（Н.В. Гоголъ, 1809-1852）是俄國批判現實主義文學界的奠基人，被車爾尼雪夫斯基稱之為“俄羅斯散文之父”。他齣生於烏剋蘭一個不太富裕 的地主傢庭。他所處的19世紀上半期，正是俄國農奴製瓦解和資本主義生産關係發展的時期。1830年開始瞭他的創作生涯年，第一部浪漫主義故事集《狄康卡近鄉夜話》，引起瞭當時進步文學界的注意，1835年，發錶瞭中篇小說集《密爾格拉德》和《彼得堡的故事》，給作者帶來瞭聲譽。在描寫“小人物”悲慘命運方麵的作品中，以《狂人日記》、《外套》最有代錶性。1836年發錶瞭諷刺喜劇《欽差大臣》，以現實主義手法，深刻而無情地揭露瞭官僚集團恣意橫行，違法亂紀的醜惡麵貌，獲得瞭驚人的成功。1842年發錶的《死魂靈》，辛辣地諷刺、暴露瞭地主階級的貪婪和殘暴，描繪瞭一幅醜惡、腐朽的專製農奴製畫捲。

"Dead Souls" is the story of Chichikov, a young middle-class gentleman who comes to a small town with a dubious plan to improve his wealth and position in life. He begins by spending beyond his means on the premise that he can impress the local officials and gain standing and connections in the community that will give him the capacity to live easily into the future. At the heart of his plan is the idea of acquiring "dead souls" or more explicitly serfs of landowners who have died since the last census. Since the taxes of landowners are based upon the number of serfs that they employ, Chichikov believes that the landowners will be all too happy to part with these "dead souls." A satirical gem, Gogol's "Dead Souls" exemplifies his particular gift of exhibiting the true failings of humanity in all their absurdity.