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In modern Chinese Buddhism, Dizang is especially popular as the sovereign of the underworld. Often represented as a monk wearing a royal crown, Dizang awaits the faithful to help them navigate the complex underworld bureaucracy, avert the sufferings of hells, and arrive at the happy realm of rebirth. The author examines this important Buddhist deity during his formative period--before he settled into his modern role as beneficient ruler of the underworld, when his iconography and hagiography were still rife with possibilities. She begins by problematizing the reigning evolutionary model of Xizang as the gradual sinicization of the Indian Ksitigarbha, a relatively unknown bodhisattva, into Dizang, an underworld deity. Such a model obscures the many-faceted personality and iconography of Dizang. Rejecting it, the author deploys a broad array of materials (scripture, epigraphy, art, ritual texts, and narrative literature) to recomplexify Dizang and restore what this figure meant to Chinese Buddhists from the fifth to tenth centuries. Rather than privilege any one genre of evidence, the author treats both material artifacts and literary works, canonical and noncanonical sources, to uncover forgotten aspects of the medieval Dizang. Through her analysis, the Dizang cult, far from being an isolated phenomenon, is revealed as integrally woven into the entire fabric of Chinese Buddhism, functioning as a kaleidoscopic lens encompassing a multivalent religio-cultural assimilation and so resists the usual bifurcation of doctrine and practice or "elite" and "popular" region. The Making of a Savior Bodhisattva presents a fascinating wealth of material on the personality, iconography, and loreassicated with the medieval Dizang, while it elucidates the complex dynamics underlying the making of a savior cult in Chinese religion.

Ordained as a Buddhist nun in the Chinese order, Zhiru is associate professor of religious studies at Pomona College.

Figures
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Introduction: Problems and Perspectives
PART 1: Early Images: The Bodhisattva of This Defiled World
1. Early Scriptural Representations: Texts and Contexts
The Scripture on the Ten Wheels
The Section on the Sumeru Treasury
The Intellectual and Socio-Political Climate
2. Cultic Beginnings Reconsidered
Buddhist Records of Dizang Worship
The Sanjie Jiao Connection
The Work of the Translator and Exegete Sinbang
Icons of Dizang and the Six Paths in Shaanxi Art
Rethinking the Early Dissemination of Dizang Worship
PART 2: Multiple Images: This World, Hell, and Pure Land
3. Indigenous and Accretionary Scriptures
The Scripture on Divination: From Karmic Divination to Philosophical Meditation
The Exorcism Method: A Buddho-Daoist Formula for Demonology
A Ritual Manual on the Bodhisattva Dizang: Dizang in Esoteric Rites
The Scripture on the Bodhisattva Dizang: From Hell to Pure Land
The Scripture on the Past Vows: A Canonization of Filial Piety and Afterlife Practices
New Scriptures, New Images of Dizang
4. Art and Epigraphy
A Princely Householder or Monk Bodhisattva?
Dizang and Guanyin as Saviors of This World
From Amitâbha Triads to Rebirth in the Pure Land
Glimpses of a Bhaisajyaguru Connection?
A Ray of Light in the Ten Kings’ Dark Courts
Guiding the Way in the Afterlife: The Bodhisattva Yinlu
Images of Dizang in Esoteric Buddhist Practices
Forgotten Images in Religious Artifacts
5. Narative Literature
The Earliest Dizang Miracle Tale
Non-Buddhist Records
A Buddhist Compilation of Dizang Miracle Tales
The Canonization of a Buddhist Cult
Conclusion: Reassessing Dizang, Lord of the Underworld
Afterlife Practices in China
Female Practice of Filial Piety
Ritual Divination, Exorcism, and Healing
The Daoist Savior of Hells
The Cult of Mount Jiuhua
Rethinking Tang Buddhism
Appendix 1: The Scripture on the Ten Wheels: Reevaluating the Traditional Dating
Appendix 2: Antecedents of Dizang? Ksitigarbha in India and Central Asia
Appendix 3: Translations of Scriptures
The Exorcism Method of Dizang’s Aspiration Toward Great Awakening
A Ritual Manual on the Bodhisattva Dizang
Scripture on the Bodhisattva Dizang
Works Cited
Index
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