Bioactive Heterocycles pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 2026

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出版者:

作者:Khan, Mahmud Tareq Hassan (EDT)/ Carlucci, M. J. (CON)/ Cerecetto, H. (CON)/ Damonte, E. B. (CON)/ D

出品人:

页数:335

译者:

出版时间:

价格:289

装帧:

isbn号码:9783540734055

丛书系列:

图书标签:

• Heterocyclic Chemistry
• Bioactive Compounds
• Medicinal Chemistry
• Organic Chemistry
• Pharmaceuticals
• Drug Discovery
• Heterocycles
• Synthesis
• Biological Activity
• Chemical Biology

The Alchemy of Stone: A History of Architectural Materials This comprehensive volume delves into the fascinating journey of materials that have shaped human civilization's built environment, tracing their evolution from rudimentary earthworks to the complex composites of the modern era. The Alchemy of Stone is not merely a technical manual, but a cultural and historical narrative woven through the physical substance of our shelters, monuments, and cities. Part I: Earth and Fire – The Primal Foundations The book opens by examining the very genesis of construction: the manipulation of naturally occurring substances. We begin with Earth in its rawest forms—clay, adobe, and rammed earth. Chapter 1 meticulously details the Neolithic shift from nomadic life to settled agriculture, analyzing how readily available soil became the primary building block across Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and early Africa. It explores the architectural implications of these materials, focusing on thermal mass, local adaptation, and the subtle differences in construction techniques driven by regional humidity and seismic activity. Chapter 2 transitions to the transformative power of Fire, exploring the invention and refinement of Brick. We trace the Babylonian adoption of kiln-fired bricks as a durable alternative to sun-dried mud, moving through Roman innovations in mass production, and concluding with the Gothic builders’ mastery of intricate fired clay ornamentation. A substantial section is dedicated to the chemistry of firing—the critical temperature thresholds and atmospheric controls necessary to achieve true vitrification, a process akin to early material science divorced from formal laboratories. Stone: The Enduring Skeleton The core of the volume, spanning nearly half its length, is dedicated to Stone. This section moves beyond simple quarrying to explore the profound economic, political, and engineering challenges inherent in working with the earth's crystalline skeleton. Chapter 3, "Quarries and Conquest," maps the ancient trade routes established solely for the movement of monumental stone. We investigate the logistical nightmares and engineering triumphs involved in transporting granite obelisks from Aswan to Rome, and the meticulous geological surveying employed by the Egyptians to ensure structural integrity. Comparative analysis is drawn between the anisotropic strength of granite, the predictable cleavage planes of limestone, and the relative workability of sandstone across different geological provinces. Chapter 4 focuses on Masonry and Mortar. This is where the true ‘alchemy’ begins. The book meticulously dissects the transition from dry-stacking to the use of binding agents. Early gypsum plasters and simple lime mortars are studied, leading to an in-depth examination of Roman Pozzolana. The text details the surprising chemistry—the reaction between volcanic ash, lime, and seawater—that created concrete capable of setting underwater, a secret largely lost to Europe until the eighteenth century. We trace the degradation patterns of these early cements under varying environmental stresses, from the harsh alpine winters to the corrosive coastal air. Chapter 5 analyzes the structural aesthetics of dressed stone. It contrasts the load-bearing capabilities and resulting form language of Romanesque barrel vaults with the refined, lighter construction afforded by Gothic rib vaulting, noting how the increased precision in ashlar cutting directly correlated with taller, more ambitious architectural forms. Specific case studies include the marble cladding techniques of the Parthenon and the complex interlocking joints of Incan dry-fit stonework. Part III: The Age of Synthesis – Iron, Glass, and the Industrial Leap The narrative shifts dramatically with the advent of large-scale Metallurgy. Chapter 6 explores the slow integration of iron into building structures. Initially used primarily for reinforcement (ties, cramps, and dowels in masonry), the book charts the pivotal moments where cast iron began to serve as the primary structural element, beginning with early bridge construction in the late 18th century. It examines the metallurgical constraints of early smelting techniques—the porosity of cast iron versus the tensile strength of wrought iron—and how these limitations dictated early structural design decisions. Chapter 7 tackles the revolution brought by Glass. The evolution from small, irregular panes set in lead cames to the mass-produced, large sheets enabled by the cylinder and later, the plate glass processes, fundamentally altered the relationship between interior and exterior space. The architectural implications of transparency are explored, contrasting the spiritual enclosure of medieval churches with the new, light-flooded spaces demanded by industrial factories and burgeoning civic halls. Part IV: Modern Compounds and Sustainable Futures The final section addresses the twentieth century’s reliance on composite materials, dominated by Reinforced Concrete. Chapter 8 meticulously details the synergistic relationship between steel and concrete. It explains the critical necessity of steel's high tensile strength to counteract concrete’s compressive weakness, and conversely, how the concrete protects the embedded steel from corrosion and fire. A critical look is taken at the long-term durability issues inherent in early reinforced structures, particularly those exposed to freeze-thaw cycles or chloride ingress. Chapter 9 widens the scope to Composite and Engineered Materials. This includes engineered wood products (Glulam, CLT), advanced polymers used in roofing and facade systems, and the integration of specialized insulating materials. The focus here shifts towards performance metrics: R-values, embodied energy, and lifecycle analysis. Conclusion: The Material Palette of Tomorrow The concluding chapter synthesizes these historical threads, arguing that the future of architecture lies not in abandoning time-tested materials, but in their intelligent, sustainable reapplication. It explores emerging trends such as self-healing concrete, bio-integrated materials, and the increasing viability of mass timber construction, drawing clear parallels between the ingenuity of the Neolithic mud-builder and the material scientist of today. The Alchemy of Stone ultimately serves as a testament to humanity’s persistent, evolving dialogue with the matter beneath our feet, and the structures we raise from it.

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