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出版者:Oxford University Press, USA

作者:R. M. Sainsbury

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页数:288

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出版时间:2007-11-24

价格:USD 39.95

装帧:Paperback

isbn号码:9780199230402

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哲学
语言哲学
分析哲学
哲学
认知科学
语言哲学
意义
指称
心理学
心灵哲学
本体论
语义学
形而上学

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具体描述

Reference is a central topic in philosophy of language, and has been the main focus of discussion about how language relates to the world. R. M. Sainsbury sets out a new approach to the concept, which promises to bring to an end some long-standing debates in semantic theory. There is a single category of referring expressions, all of which deserve essentially the same kind of semantic treatment. Included in this category are both singular and plural referring expressions ('Aristotle', 'The Pleiades'), complex and non-complex referring expressions ('The President of the USA in 1970', 'Nixon'), and empty and non-empty referring expressions ('Vulcan', 'Neptune'). Referring expressions are to be described semantically by a reference condition, rather than by being associated with a referent. In arguing for these theses, Sainsbury's book promises to end the fruitless oscillation between Millian and descriptivist views.Millian views insist that every name has a referent, and find it hard to give a good account of names which appear not to have referents, or at least are not known to do so, like ones introduced through error ('Vulcan'), ones where it is disputed whether they have a bearer ('Patanjali') and ones used in fiction. Descriptivist theories require that each name be associated with some body of information. These theories fly in the face of the fact names are useful precisely because there is often no overlap of information among speakers and hearers. The alternative position for which the book argues is firmly non-descriptivist, though it also does not require a referent. A much broader view can be taken of which expressions are referring expressions: not just names and pronouns used demonstratively, but also some complex expressions and some anaphoric uses of pronouns.Sainsbury's approach brings reference into line with truth: no one would think that a semantic theory should associate a sentence with a truth value, but it is commonly held that a semantic theory should associate a sentence with a truth condition, a condition which an arbitrary state of the world would have to satisfy in order to make the sentence true. The right analogy is that a semantic theory should associate a referring expression with a reference condition, a condition which an arbitrary object would have to satisfy in order to be the expression's referent. Lucid and accessible, and written with a minimum of technicality, Sainsbury's book also includes a useful historical survey. It will be of interest to those working in logic, mind, and metaphysics as well as essential reading for philosophers of language.

《无所指代的参考》这是一本探索“参考”这一概念本身的书，而非任何具体事物的参考。它不提供任何学科领域的知识性参考，不指向任何具体的文献、事实或人物，而是将“参考”这一行为、这一模式、这一思维方式本身作为研究的对象。本书的开篇，作者并没有直接抛出某个宏大的理论框架，而是从一个日常的观察切入：我们为何要“参考”？在信息的洪流中，我们如何筛选、聚合、并借由“参考”来构建我们对世界的认知？“参考”作为一种连接、一种依傍，它在我们的学习、工作、甚至日常对话中扮演着怎样的角色？这种看似理所当然的行为，其背后隐藏着怎样的机制和哲学？书中深入剖析了“参考”的多重维度。首先，它探讨了“参考”在知识传播中的作用。在学术界，论文的参考文献列表是知识传承的基石，每一条引用都承载着作者的学术对话和思想脉络。然而，当这些引用本身被剥离了其原始的指向性，当我们只看到“引用”这个动作，而看不到被引用的具体内容时，我们如何理解这种“参考”的意义？它是否仍然具有价值？作者通过对不同时代、不同学科“参考”习惯的考察，揭示了“参考”在不同语境下的演变和其内在逻辑。其次，本书关注“参考”在个体认知构建中的角色。我们如何通过参考他人的观点、经验来塑造自己的理解？“参考”不仅是一种外部的获取，更是一种内在的整合。它关乎我们如何识别、评估、并内化外部信息，使其成为我们自身知识体系的一部分。“无所指代的参考”并非鼓励遗忘或无知，而是邀请读者审视“参考”这一过程本身，认识到我们对外部信息的依赖，以及这种依赖如何塑造我们的思考方式，甚至是我们对“真实”的定义。书中还深入探讨了“参考”与“原创性”之间的张力。在信息爆炸的时代，真正意义上的“原创”变得越来越稀缺，我们似乎总是在“参考”前人的基础上进行微调或重组。那么，“参考”是否会吞噬“原创”？抑或是，“参考”本身就是“原创”的必经之路？作者并没有给出明确的答案，而是通过一系列的思考实验和类比，引导读者去体悟“参考”与“原创”之间微妙而复杂的关系。它并非简单的二元对立，而是更像是一种螺旋上升的互动过程。此外，本书还触及了“参考”在社会互动和文化建构中的作用。我们的语言、我们的习俗、我们的价值观念，很大程度上都是通过“参考”和模仿代代相传的。当一个社会集体地“参考”着某种模式，它就在潜移默化地塑造着这个社会的文化特质。“无所指代的参考”促使我们去审视这些集体性的“参考”行为，去思考我们正在参考什么，以及这些参考行为将把我们带向何方。书中并没有设置章节标题，也没有明确的论点和结论。取而代之的是一系列的思辨、提问、以及对“参考”这一行为不同面向的细致描摹。作者的写作风格流畅而富有启发性，仿佛一位智者在与读者进行一场深入的对话，引导着读者在“参考”的迷宫中探索，最终抵达对“参考”本身更深刻的理解。《无所指代的参考》并非一本“如何参考”的指南，更不是一本“避免参考”的宣言。它是一次邀请，邀请读者放下对具体内容的执着，去关注“参考”这一动作本身的力量，去理解我们如何通过“参考”来构建意义，如何通过“参考”来理解世界，以及如何最终认识到，即使剥离了所有具体的指代，“参考”本身，作为一种思想模式和存在方式，仍然具有其不可忽视的价值和深度。这是一本关于“无”的探索，也是关于“有”的洞察，它鼓励我们去思考，去审视，去更清晰地理解我们是如何成为我们所是。