Understanding the Process of Economic Change pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 2026

In this landmark work, a Nobel Prize-winning economist develops a new way of understanding the process by which economies change. Douglass North inspired a revolution in economic history a generation ago by demonstrating that economic performance is determined largely by the kind and quality of institutions that support markets. As he showed in two now classic books that inspired the New Institutional Economics (today a subfield of economics), property rights and transaction costs are fundamental determinants. Here, North explains how different societies arrive at the institutional infrastructure that greatly determines their economic trajectories. North argues that economic change depends largely on 'adaptive efficiency', a society's effectiveness in creating institutions that are productive, stable, fair, and broadly accepted - and, importantly, flexible enough to be changed or replaced in response to political and economic feedback. While adhering to his earlier definition of institutions as the formal and informal rules that constrain human economic behavior, he extends his analysis to explore the deeper determinants of how these rules evolve and how economies change. Drawing on recent work by psychologists, he identifies intentionality as the crucial variable and proceeds to demonstrate how intentionality emerges as the product of social learning and how it then shapes the economy's institutional foundations and thus its capacity to adapt to changing circumstances. "Understanding the Process of Economic Change" accounts not only for past institutional change but also for the diverse performance of present-day economies. This major work is therefore also an essential guide to improving the performance of developing countries.

道格拉斯•诺思 1993年的诺贝尔经济学奖获得者，圣•路易斯华盛顿大学艺术与科学学院的经济学教授与斯宾塞•俄林教授，胡佛研究所的巴特利特•博纳普高级研究员。著有《经济史上的结构与变迁》、《制度、制度变迁与经济绩效》等。