Contents
1. Creativity in management
Nature of creative thinking
The importance of creativity in management
Creative problem solving
The background of creative problem solving
Overview of the creative problem-solving process
An IDEAL model for problem solving
How creative thinking may be used in management
Problem identification and definition
Idea generation methods
Evaluating ideas
Implementing ideas
Computer assisted creativity aids
References
2. Coping with blocks to creative problem solving
Information processing and problem solving
Mind-set
Other barriers to creative problem solving
Blocks in an organizational setting
A climate for creativity and innovation
References
3. Theories of creativity
What is creative thinking?
What are ideas?
Theories of creativity
The cognitive theory of creativity
The brain as a human information processing system
How knowledge is stored in memory
SCRIPTS, DELTACTS and MOPS
How we get ideas: the index metaphor'
References
4. Identifying the problem
Problem definition and redefinition
Methods of problem definition or redefinition
Redefinitional techniques
Analytical techniques
References
5. Morphological analysis and related techniques
Listing
Ch'ecklists
Cliches, proverbs and maxims
Attribute listing
Morphological analysis
SCIMITAR
Heuristic ideation technique
Component detailing
The Allen morphologizer
Sequence-attribute modification matrix
References
6. Brainstorming and its variants
Classical brainstorming
Main types of problem that can be tackled
Composition of a brainstorming group
Conducting a brainstorming session
The process of brainstorming
Brainwriting game
Gordon-Little variation
Story boards
Trigger method
References
7. Lateral thinking
Vertical versus lateral thinking
Dimensions of lateral thinking
Analogies
References
8. Synectics and related approaches
Metaphors
Synectics
Nature of the psychological states
Membership of a synectics group
Features of synectics
Operational mechanisms
Synectics process
When to use synectics, and its limitations
References
9. Miscellaneous idea-generating methods
Visual metaphor
Mind-mapping
Value analysis
Force field analysis
Symbolic representations
Attribute analogy chains
Bionics
Free assodation
Story writing
Crawford slip writing
Lotus blossom
Fishbone diagram
Scenario writing
Scenario day-dreaming
Cross-impact analysis
References
10. Evaluating ideas
Collating and sorting ideas
Evaluating ideas
Culling, rating and scoring screens
The Castle technique
Creative evaluation
Decision balance sheet
Disjointed incrementalism
Goalstorming
Highlighting
Reverse brainstorming
Sticking dots
Weighting systems
Multifactor matrix
Choosing an evaluation method
References
11. Implementing ideas
Blocks to getting ideas adopted
Putting ideas into practice
Reducing resistance to change
Coping with criticism
Consensus mapping
Potential problem analysis
Research planning diagrams
PERT techniques
Post implementation
References
12. Computer assisted creativity
Role of computers in creativity
Computer assisted idea generation for individuals
Restructuring thoughts
Group creative problem-solving aids
Evaluation of the alternatives
Implementation of ideas
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Index
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