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Was the Roman Empire just? Did Rome acquire her territories through just wars, and did Rome's rule exert a civilizing effect, ultimately beneficial for its subjects? Or was Roman imperialism a massive injustice - the bellicose conquest and absorption of countless peoples and large swaths of territory under false pretences, driven by greed and a lust for domination and glory? In The Wars of the Romans (1599), the important Italian jurist and Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford University Alberico Gentili (1552-1608) argues both sides of the debate. In the first book he lays out the case against the justice of the Roman Empire, and in the second book the case for. Gentili's polemic and highly engaging work helped pioneer the use of Roman law and just war theory in what became a leading international law approach to the enduring questions of the justice of empire. Writing in the wake of the first wave of European colonial expansion in the Americas, and relying on models of the controversy about Roman imperialism from Cicero to Lactantius and Augustine, Gentili developed the arguments which were to become pivotal in normative debates concerning imperialism. In this work Gentili, a consummate Roman law scholar, frames the moral and practical issues in a combination of Roman legal terminology and the language of natural law, a combination which was to prove highly influential in the literature from Grotius onward on natural law, the law of nations and what eventually became international law.

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 10
Introduction: Roman Wars and Roman Laws......Page 11
Principal Events in Gentili’s Life......Page 27
Translator’s Note on the Text and Translation with Acknowledgments......Page 29
Note on Gentili’s Marginal References......Page 31
TEXT AND TRANSLATION......Page 32
1. The Truth of Roman History is Tainted......Page 40
2. On the Multiple Injustice of Romulus......Page 50
3. On Numa and the Other Kings......Page 64
4. On the Two Brutuses, Scaevola, and Others of that Sort......Page 68
5. The Romans Defeated in Wars......Page 74
6. The Deceptiveness of the Romans in Treaties......Page 80
7. The Unjust Cause of the Samnite War......Page 86
8. On the Punic Wars......Page 92
9. On Greece and Syria......Page 104
10. On Mithridates and Hannibal......Page 114
11. On the Caesars......Page 124
12. On the Romans and Alexander......Page 130
13. The Tyranny of the Romans......Page 140
1. Firm Testimonies to Roman Justice......Page 152
2. Romulus......Page 164
3. On the Alban War, King Tullus, and his Successors......Page 196
4. The Brutuses, Scaevola, Scipio Africanus, etc.......Page 210
5. The Romans Undefeated in Wars......Page 228
6. The Justice of the Romans in Treaties......Page 240
7. The Cause of the Samnite War and of Other Wars of Italy......Page 246
8. On the Punic Wars......Page 260
9. On Greece and Syria......Page 284
10. On Mithridates and Hannibal......Page 300
11. The Rest of the Empire and the Caesars......Page 326
12. On the Romans and Alexander......Page 338
13. The Good Fortune of the Roman Empire......Page 366
Appendix......Page 388
Errata......Page 393
Glossary of Terms......Page 395
Bibliography of Postclassical Works......Page 398
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