PART ONE
POPULAR SECTS AND HETERODOXY
BEFORE THE MING DYNASTY
INTRODUCTION............................................................................13
CHAPTER ONE: Prophecies and Messianism in Han
Confucianism ...............................................................................15
CHAPTER TWO: Popular Sects and the Early Daoist
Tradition ......................................................................................23
1. Roots of the Daoist Tradition .....................................................23
2. New Developments during the Han Dynasty..................................27
3. The Formation of Daoist Orthodoxies ..........................................52
4. Popular Sects after the Han Dynasty............................................62
5. Eschatology and Millenarianism .................................................80
CHAPTER THREE: Heterodox Movements in Medieval
Buddhism .....................................................................................94
1. Critique of Buddhism as a Heterodox Religion...............................98
2. Buddhism, Popular Religions, and Rebellions.............................. 103
3. Eschatological Beliefs in Buddhist Sectarianism........................... 123
4. The Social Dimension of Heterodox Buddhist Sectarianism............140
5. The Elimination of Heterodoxy.................................................157
6. Conclusion: The Formation of Orthodoxies and Heterodoxies .........161
CHAPTER FOUR: Popular Sectarianism during the Song and
Yuan dynasties ........................................................................... 165
1. Popular Buddhism and Buddhist Sectarianism ............................168
The White Cloud movement................................................ 174
The White Lotus movement ................................................ 178
2. Other Sectarian Traditions....................................................... 186
Heterodox sects during the Song ..........................................188
Millenarian sects during the Yuan....................................... 197
PART TWO
POPULAR RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS DURING THE
MING AND QING DYNASTIES
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................209
CHAPTER FIVE: The Luo Teaching: The Shaping of a
New Tradition............................................................................ 214
1. The Formation of a New Tradition ........................................... 216
2. The Unfolding of a Tradition................................................... 235
3. The Dynamics of a Popular Religious Movement .........................260
CHAPTER SIX: The Spectrum of Popular Religious
Teachings in Late Ming .............................................................268
1. Popular Religious Teachings in Early Ming ............................... 269
2. Huangtian Jiao (Yellow Heaven Teaching) ................................293
3. Hongyang Jiao (Vast Yang Teaching) ....................................... 318
4. Sanyi Jiao (Three-in-One Teaching) .........................................343
CHAPTER SEVEN: Homogenization and Diversification
of Sectarian Traditions............................................................... 365
1. The Longhua Jing (Dragon-Flower Scripture) as Synthesis of
Sectarian Traditions in North China.........................................366
2. Proliferation of Popular Sects under the Qing............................... 402
Zhang Baotai and His Sectarian Network...............................405
The Shouyuan Jiao and Bagua Jiao Networks....................... 413
Continuation of Cumulative Traditions: Yiguan Dao .............. 427
CHAPTER EIGHT: The Dynamics of Popular Religious
Movements During the Qing and Ming Dynasties....................438
1. Innovation and Historical Continuity .........................................439
2. The Emergence of New Religious Movements .............................. 445
3. Changing Degrees of Heterodoxy................................................ 454
4. Diversification, Homogenization, and the Dynamics of
Expansion............................................................................ 458
5. Rewards and Costs of Membership............................................ 465
EPILOGUE: Popular Religious Movements and Elite Culture....... 485
APPENDIX: On the Two Versions of the Jiulian Jing...................... 502
Bibliography .........................................................................................506
Index ...................................................................................................527
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