Bacterial toxins play an important role in infectious diseases. Several are amongst the most potent biological agents known to man. Cholera, pertussis, botulinum, clostridium and tetanus toxins are all produced by bacteria. In many cases, it is the toxin produced and not the infectious agent itself that causes pathology. Botulinum toxin has now of course found clinical application as botox, and anthrax, and other toxins, have potentially devastating effects if misused as an agent of biological terror. This book describes the major achievements and discoveries relevant to bacterial protein toxins since the turn of the new century, illustrated by the discovery of more than fifty novel toxins (many of them identified through genome screening). The establishment of the three-dimensional crystal structure of more than 20 toxins during the same period offers deeper knowledge of structure-activity relationships and provides a framework to understand how toxins recognize receptors, penetrate membranes and interact with and modify intracellular substrates. Edited by two of the most highly regarded experts in the field from the Institut Pasteur, France, this book contains 14 brand new chapters dedicated to the coverage of historical and general aspects of toxinology. It includes the major toxins of both basic and clinical interest, described in depth; and details applied aspects of toxins such as therapy, vaccinology, and toolkits in cell biology. The evolutionary and functional aspects of bacterial toxins are evaluated and summarized. The book presents toxin applications in cell biology, discusses therapy (cancer therapy, dystonias), and features vaccines (native and genetically engineered vaccines). The toxins are discussed as biological weapons, comprising chapters on anthrax, diphtheria, ricin etc.