具体描述
Superbly organized and of great pedagogic value, Spectroscopy in Catalysis describes the most important modern analytical techniques used to investigate catalytic surfaces. These include electron, ion, and vibrational spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, temperature-programmed techniques, diffraction, and microscopy. With the focus on practical use, rather than theory, each chapter presents current applications to illustrate the type of information that the technique provides and evaluates its possibilities and limitations, allowing selection of the best catalyst and the correct technique to solve a given problem. This third edition includes significant new developments and case studies, with all the chapters updated by way of recent examples and relevant new literature. For students and for everyone who wants a digestible introduction to catalyst characterization. From reviews of the previous editions: "This is a truly valuable book ... very useful for industrial practitioners who need to be aware of the type of information that can be obtained from modern surface spectroscopies .... The book has a superb pedagogic value..."
—Journal of Catalysis "... this is an excellent text on spectroscopies in catalysis and I highly recommend it for ... introductory courses on heterogeneous catalysis or as a general introductory monograph."
—Journal of the American Chemical Society
好的，以下是为您的图书《Spectroscopy in Catalysis》构思的一份不包含该书内容的、详细的图书简介。这份简介将聚焦于一个完全不同的、但同样专业的领域——高分子材料的结构与性能的精密表征。 --- 图书名称：《高分子体系的动态粘弹性与界面行为：从微观结构到宏观响应的桥接》 图书简介 面向对象： 材料科学家、高分子化学工程师、物理化学研究人员、从事聚合物加工与产品开发的专业人士。 本书定位： 本书旨在深入探讨高分子材料在不同应力与温度条件下的动态力学响应，特别是如何将材料的微观结构特征（如链拓扑、结晶度、分子间相互作用）与宏观尺度上的粘弹性行为及其界面相互作用进行精确关联和量化。本书摒弃了对传统光谱学技术的侧重，转而聚焦于先进的机械分析方法及其背后的热力学与动力学理论框架。 --- 第一部分：高分子体系的本构关系与线性粘弹性理论基础 (约占 30%) 本部分首先回顾了固体力学中描述材料形变与应力关系的本构方程，并重点引入了适用于高分子材料的线性粘弹性模型。 1.1 粘弹性基础：松弛与蠕变现象的动力学描述 详细阐述了高分子体系中典型的应力松弛（Stress Relaxation）和蠕变（Creep）现象。本书引入了开尔文- কর্মসূ特（Kelvin-Voigt）模型、麦克斯韦（Maxwell）模型以及更复杂的Voigt-Maxwell 广谱模型，用于精确拟合实验数据。深入解析了这些模型中各单元（弹簧与粘壶）在分子尺度上对应于何种运动机制（如缠结、链段运动、自由体积扩散）。 1.2 频率域分析：动态机械分析（DMA）的核心原理 这是本书的核心基础之一。我们将详尽剖析动态机械分析（DMA）的工作原理，包括正弦加载下的储能模量 ($E'$ 或 $G'$ ) 和损耗模量 ($E''$ 或 $G''$) 的物理意义。重点讨论了时间-温度等效原理（Time-Temperature Superposition, TTSP），如何利用 TTSP 构造高分子材料的主曲线（Master Curve），从而将短时间内的动态行为外推至更长的服务时间尺度，尤其是在玻璃化转变区（$T_g$）附近。 1.3 谱系分析：分布函数与分子量关系 探讨如何利用对松弛时间的分布函数（如蔻弛（Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts, KWW）函数）来表征高分子的分子量分布和链结构复杂性。区别分析了线性聚合物与支化聚合物在动态模量谱上的差异。 --- 第二部分：非线性粘弹性、屈服行为与断裂力学 (约占 40%) 本部分将视角从线性响应扩展到高应变和大变形条件下的复杂行为，这是理解高分子材料加工和极端服役环境下的关键。 2.1 引入应变硬化与剪切速率依赖性 深入研究流变学在理解高分子熔体加工中的作用。分析了剪切变稀（Shear Thinning）现象背后的分子机制——链缠结的解缠结过程。介绍Cross 模型、Carreau 模型等非牛顿流体本构方程，并讨论了拉伸流变学（Extensional Rheology）的重要性，例如通过夸张拉伸流变仪（SER）测量材料的拉伸黏度，这对于理解薄膜拉伸和纤维纺丝过程至关重要。 2.2 高分子材料的屈服与塑性 针对半结晶聚合物和网络结构聚合物，详述屈服应力（Yield Stress）的起源。结合杜邦-纳尔逊（Duan-Nelson）模型探讨在不同应变率下材料从弹性转变为粘塑性流动的临界条件。重点分析压力诱导的结构重排在高分子合金和共混物中的影响。 2.3 介观尺度的断裂与疲劳损伤 讨论超分子结构（如氢键、离子簇）如何影响高分子的抗冲击性能。引入断裂韧性测试（如高能量冲击试验），并利用应力强度因子的概念来评估材料的抗裂纹扩展能力。详尽阐述高分子材料的疲劳寿命预测模型，包括S-N曲线的构建与拉廷（Ratin）模型在疲劳损伤累积中的应用。 --- 第三部分：界面与复合材料中的动态响应 (约占 30%) 本部分聚焦于高分子材料中无处不在的界面问题，特别是当引入填料或纳米粒子时，界面层如何主导整体的粘弹性响应。 3.1 填料/基体界面的有效体积分数与界面层特性 系统阐述纳米复合材料中填料（如碳纳米管、石墨烯、无机纳米粒子）对基体粘弹性的增强作用。超越简单的混合法则，本书介绍Kerner 模型、Halpin-Tsai 模型等复合材料理论，并着重于界面相互作用强度的量化。通过DMA实验，解析界面粘附力如何影响松弛时间的分布。 3.2 表面能与润湿性对薄膜性能的影响 研究高分子在薄膜和涂层中的特殊行为。讨论表面张力、表面能与薄膜厚度的依赖关系。分析了在纳米尺度上，表面弛豫（Surface Relaxation）对整体动态模量的贡献，以及如何通过表面改性技术（如等离子处理）来调控这些界面效应。 3.3 动态交联网络与自修复行为 探讨利用可逆化学键（如 Diels-Alder 反应、超分子相互作用）构建的动态共价网络（DCN）或动态超分子网络（DSN）。这些网络赋予材料自修复能力。分析在DMA测试中，动态交联点断裂与重组的平衡如何表现为特定的损耗峰，从而实现材料在损伤后的模量恢复。 --- 结语与展望 本书的独特之处在于其方法论的深度：它完全依赖于高精度机械分析（如 DMA, 冲击试验, 挤出流变）来揭示分子运动规律，为读者提供一套严谨的、非光谱学的工具箱，用于理解和设计下一代具有特定动态性能（高韧性、优异抗疲劳性或精确加工窗口）的高分子材料。读者将能够熟练地将宏观的力学数据转化为对高分子微观结构和界面动力学的深刻洞察。
作者简介
目录信息
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Heterogeneous Catalysis 1
1.2 The Aim of Catalyst Characterization 4
1.3 Spectroscopic Techniques 5
1.4 Research Strategies 7
References 9
2 Temperature-Programmed Techniques 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Temperature-Programmed Reduction
2.2.1 Thermodynamics of Reduction 13
2.2.2 Reduction Mechanisms 15
2.2.3 Applications 18
2.3 Temperature-Programmed Sulfidation 21
2.4 Temperature-Programmed Reaction Spectroscopy 22
2.5 Temperature-Programmed Desorption 23
2.5.1 TPD Analysis 29
2.5.2 Desorption in the Transition State Theory 31
2.6 Temperature-Programmed Reaction Spectroscopy in UHV 35
References 37
3 Photoemission and Auger Spectroscopy 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 41
3.2.1 XPS Intensities and Sample Composition
3.2.2 XPS Binding Energies and Oxidation States 46
3.2.3 Shake Up, Shake Off, Multiplet Splitting and Plasmon Excitations 50
3.2.4 Experimental Aspects of XPS 51
3.2.5 Charging and Sample Damage 52
3.2.6 Dispersion of Supported Particles from XPS 54
3.2.7 Angle-Dependent XPS 59
3.2.8 In-Situ and Real Time XPS Studies 63
3.3 Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS)
3.3.1 Photoemission of Adsorbed Xenon 71
3.4 Auger Electron Spectroscopy 74
3.4.1 Energy of Auger Peaks 75
3.4.2 Intensity of Auger Peaks 77
3.4.3 Application of AES in Catalytic Surface Science 78
3.4.4 Scanning Auger Spectroscopy 80
3.4.5 Depth-Sensitive Information from AES 80
References 81
4 The Ion Spectroscopies 85
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) 86
4.2.1 Theory of SIMS 88
4.2.2 Electron and Photon Emission under Ion Bombardment 90
4.2.3 Energy Distribution of Secondary Ions 91
4.2.4 The Ionization Probability 92
4.2.5 Emission of Molecular Clusters 94
4.2.6 Conditions for Static SIMS 94
4.2.7 Charging of Insulating Samples 95
4.2.8 Applications on Catalysts 95
4.2.9 Model Catalysts 99
4.2.10 Single Crystal Studies 101
4.2.11 Concluding Remarks 105
4.3 Secondary Neutral Mass Spectrometry (SNMS) 105
4.4 Ion Scattering: The Collision Process 106
4.5 Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) 108
4.6 Low-Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS) 112
4.6.1 Neutralization 113
4.6.2 Applications of LEIS in Catalysis 114
References 117
5 Mo ̈ssbauer Spectroscopy 121
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 The Mo ̈ssbauer Effect 122
5.3 Mo ̈ssbauer Spectroscopy 126
5.3.1 Isomer Shift 128
5.3.2 Electric Quadrupole Splitting 129
5.3.3 Magnetic Hyperfine Splitting 131
5.3.4 Intensity 132
5.4 Mo ̈ssbauer Spectroscopy in Catalyst Characterization 134
5.4.1 In-Situ Mo ̈ssbauer Spectroscopy at Cryogenic Temperatures 137
5.4.2 Particle Size Determination 139
5.4.3 Kinetics of Solid-State Reactions from Single Velocity
Experiments 140
5.4.4 In-Situ Mo ̈ssbauer Spectroscopy Under Reaction Conditions
5.4.5 Mo ̈ssbauer Spectroscopy of Elements Other Than Iron 143
5.5 Conclusion 145
References 145
6 Diffraction and Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) 147
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 X-Ray Diffraction 148
6.2.1 In-Situ XRD: Kinetics of Solid-State Reactions 152
6.2.2 Concluding Remarks 154
6.3 Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) 155
6.4 X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) 159
6.4.1 EXAFS 160
6.4.2 Quick EXAFS for Time-Resolved Studies 170
6.4.3 X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy
References 175
7 Microscopy and Imaging 179
7.1 Introduction 179
7.2 Electron Microscopy 180
7.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy 182
7.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 184
7.2.3 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
7.2.4 Element Analysis in the Electron Microscope 190
7.3 Field Emission Microscopy and Ion Microscopy 193
7.3.1 Theory of FEM and FIM 193
7.4 Scanning Probe Microscopy: AFM and STM 197
7.4.1 AFM and SFM 198
7.4.1.1 Contact Mode AFM 199
7.4.1.2 Non-Contact Mode AFM 200
7.4.1.3 Tapping Mode AFM 200
7.4.2 AFM Equipment 200
7.4.3 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) 205
7.4.4 Applications of STM in Catalytic Surface Science 208
7.5 Other Imaging Techniques 211
7.5.1 Low-Energy Electron Microscopy and Photoemission Electron Microscopy 212
References 214
8 Vibrational Spectroscopy 217
8.1 Introduction 217
8.2 Theory of Molecular Vibrations 218
8.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 224
8.3.1 Equipment 226
8.3.2 Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy 226
8.3.3 Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy 227
8.3.4 Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) 230
8.3.5 Attenuated Total Reflection 233
8.3.6 Reflection Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy (RAIRS) 234
8.4 Sum-Frequency Generation 235
8.5 Raman Spectroscopy 238
8.5.1 Applications of Raman Spectroscopy 240
8.6 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) 243
8.7 Concluding Remarks 247
References 248
9 Case Studies in Catalyst Characterization 251
9.1 Introduction 251
9.2 Supported Rhodium Catalysts 251
9.2.1 Preparation of Alumina-Supported Rhodium Model Catalysts 252
9.2.2 Reduction of Supported Rhodium Catalysts 254
9.2.3 Structure of Supported Rhodium Catalysts 257
9.2.4 Disintegration of Rhodium Particles Under CO 261
9.2.5 Concluding Remarks 264
9.3 Alkali Promoters on Metal Surfaces 264
9.4 Cobalt–Molybdenum Sulfide Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts 272
9.4.1 Sulfidation of Oxidic Catalysts 272
9.4.2 Structure of Sulfided Catalysts 276
9.5 Chromium Polymerization Catalysts 284
9.6 Concluding Remarks 292
References 293
Appendix Metal Surfaces and Chemisorption 297
A.1 Introduction 297
A.2 Theory of Metal Surfaces 297
A.2.1 Surface Crystallography 297
A.2.2 Surface Free Energy 301
A.2.3 Lattice Vibrations 302
A.2.4 Electronic Structure of Metal Surfaces 305
A.2.5 Work Function 309
A.3 Chemisorption on Metals 311
A.3.1 Adsorption of Molecules on Jellium 315
A.3.2 Adsorption on Metals with d-Electrons 317
A.3.3 Concluding Remarks 319
References 319
Index 321
· · · · · · (收起)
1.1 Heterogeneous Catalysis 1
1.2 The Aim of Catalyst Characterization 4
1.3 Spectroscopic Techniques 5
1.4 Research Strategies 7
References 9
2 Temperature-Programmed Techniques 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Temperature-Programmed Reduction
2.2.1 Thermodynamics of Reduction 13
2.2.2 Reduction Mechanisms 15
2.2.3 Applications 18
2.3 Temperature-Programmed Sulfidation 21
2.4 Temperature-Programmed Reaction Spectroscopy 22
2.5 Temperature-Programmed Desorption 23
2.5.1 TPD Analysis 29
2.5.2 Desorption in the Transition State Theory 31
2.6 Temperature-Programmed Reaction Spectroscopy in UHV 35
References 37
3 Photoemission and Auger Spectroscopy 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 41
3.2.1 XPS Intensities and Sample Composition
3.2.2 XPS Binding Energies and Oxidation States 46
3.2.3 Shake Up, Shake Off, Multiplet Splitting and Plasmon Excitations 50
3.2.4 Experimental Aspects of XPS 51
3.2.5 Charging and Sample Damage 52
3.2.6 Dispersion of Supported Particles from XPS 54
3.2.7 Angle-Dependent XPS 59
3.2.8 In-Situ and Real Time XPS Studies 63
3.3 Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS)
3.3.1 Photoemission of Adsorbed Xenon 71
3.4 Auger Electron Spectroscopy 74
3.4.1 Energy of Auger Peaks 75
3.4.2 Intensity of Auger Peaks 77
3.4.3 Application of AES in Catalytic Surface Science 78
3.4.4 Scanning Auger Spectroscopy 80
3.4.5 Depth-Sensitive Information from AES 80
References 81
4 The Ion Spectroscopies 85
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) 86
4.2.1 Theory of SIMS 88
4.2.2 Electron and Photon Emission under Ion Bombardment 90
4.2.3 Energy Distribution of Secondary Ions 91
4.2.4 The Ionization Probability 92
4.2.5 Emission of Molecular Clusters 94
4.2.6 Conditions for Static SIMS 94
4.2.7 Charging of Insulating Samples 95
4.2.8 Applications on Catalysts 95
4.2.9 Model Catalysts 99
4.2.10 Single Crystal Studies 101
4.2.11 Concluding Remarks 105
4.3 Secondary Neutral Mass Spectrometry (SNMS) 105
4.4 Ion Scattering: The Collision Process 106
4.5 Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) 108
4.6 Low-Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS) 112
4.6.1 Neutralization 113
4.6.2 Applications of LEIS in Catalysis 114
References 117
5 Mo ̈ssbauer Spectroscopy 121
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 The Mo ̈ssbauer Effect 122
5.3 Mo ̈ssbauer Spectroscopy 126
5.3.1 Isomer Shift 128
5.3.2 Electric Quadrupole Splitting 129
5.3.3 Magnetic Hyperfine Splitting 131
5.3.4 Intensity 132
5.4 Mo ̈ssbauer Spectroscopy in Catalyst Characterization 134
5.4.1 In-Situ Mo ̈ssbauer Spectroscopy at Cryogenic Temperatures 137
5.4.2 Particle Size Determination 139
5.4.3 Kinetics of Solid-State Reactions from Single Velocity
Experiments 140
5.4.4 In-Situ Mo ̈ssbauer Spectroscopy Under Reaction Conditions
5.4.5 Mo ̈ssbauer Spectroscopy of Elements Other Than Iron 143
5.5 Conclusion 145
References 145
6 Diffraction and Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) 147
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 X-Ray Diffraction 148
6.2.1 In-Situ XRD: Kinetics of Solid-State Reactions 152
6.2.2 Concluding Remarks 154
6.3 Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) 155
6.4 X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) 159
6.4.1 EXAFS 160
6.4.2 Quick EXAFS for Time-Resolved Studies 170
6.4.3 X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy
References 175
7 Microscopy and Imaging 179
7.1 Introduction 179
7.2 Electron Microscopy 180
7.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy 182
7.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 184
7.2.3 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
7.2.4 Element Analysis in the Electron Microscope 190
7.3 Field Emission Microscopy and Ion Microscopy 193
7.3.1 Theory of FEM and FIM 193
7.4 Scanning Probe Microscopy: AFM and STM 197
7.4.1 AFM and SFM 198
7.4.1.1 Contact Mode AFM 199
7.4.1.2 Non-Contact Mode AFM 200
7.4.1.3 Tapping Mode AFM 200
7.4.2 AFM Equipment 200
7.4.3 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) 205
7.4.4 Applications of STM in Catalytic Surface Science 208
7.5 Other Imaging Techniques 211
7.5.1 Low-Energy Electron Microscopy and Photoemission Electron Microscopy 212
References 214
8 Vibrational Spectroscopy 217
8.1 Introduction 217
8.2 Theory of Molecular Vibrations 218
8.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 224
8.3.1 Equipment 226
8.3.2 Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy 226
8.3.3 Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy 227
8.3.4 Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) 230
8.3.5 Attenuated Total Reflection 233
8.3.6 Reflection Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy (RAIRS) 234
8.4 Sum-Frequency Generation 235
8.5 Raman Spectroscopy 238
8.5.1 Applications of Raman Spectroscopy 240
8.6 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) 243
8.7 Concluding Remarks 247
References 248
9 Case Studies in Catalyst Characterization 251
9.1 Introduction 251
9.2 Supported Rhodium Catalysts 251
9.2.1 Preparation of Alumina-Supported Rhodium Model Catalysts 252
9.2.2 Reduction of Supported Rhodium Catalysts 254
9.2.3 Structure of Supported Rhodium Catalysts 257
9.2.4 Disintegration of Rhodium Particles Under CO 261
9.2.5 Concluding Remarks 264
9.3 Alkali Promoters on Metal Surfaces 264
9.4 Cobalt–Molybdenum Sulfide Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts 272
9.4.1 Sulfidation of Oxidic Catalysts 272
9.4.2 Structure of Sulfided Catalysts 276
9.5 Chromium Polymerization Catalysts 284
9.6 Concluding Remarks 292
References 293
Appendix Metal Surfaces and Chemisorption 297
A.1 Introduction 297
A.2 Theory of Metal Surfaces 297
A.2.1 Surface Crystallography 297
A.2.2 Surface Free Energy 301
A.2.3 Lattice Vibrations 302
A.2.4 Electronic Structure of Metal Surfaces 305
A.2.5 Work Function 309
A.3 Chemisorption on Metals 311
A.3.1 Adsorption of Molecules on Jellium 315
A.3.2 Adsorption on Metals with d-Electrons 317
A.3.3 Concluding Remarks 319
References 319
Index 321
· · · · · · (收起)
读后感
评分
评分
评分
评分
评分
用户评价
评分
评分
评分
评分
评分
相关图书
本站所有内容均为互联网搜索引擎提供的公开搜索信息，本站不存储任何数据与内容，任何内容与数据均与本站无关，如有需要请联系相关搜索引擎包括但不限于百度，google,bing,sogou 等
© 2026 book.wenda123.org All Rights Reserved. 图书目录大全 版权所有