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出版者:Libraries Unltd Inc

作者:Scott, Mona L.

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页数:279

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价格:419.00 元

装帧:Pap

isbn号码:9781591583158

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图书标签:

• Conversion Tables
• Reference
• Units
• Measurement
• Science
• Engineering
• Mathematics
• Data
• Technical
• Handbook

Conversion Tables, 3rd Edition: A Comprehensive Guide to Unit Transformations Preface to the Third Edition The landscape of measurement, while fundamentally rooted in established standards, is constantly evolving, driven by technological advancements and international harmonization efforts. Since the publication of the second edition of Conversion Tables, we have witnessed significant refinement in certain metrological standards and a persistent need, across diverse industries, for accessible, reliable, and comprehensive unit conversion tools. This third edition has been meticulously revised and expanded to meet these contemporary demands, ensuring its continued relevance as the definitive pocket reference for professionals, students, and enthusiasts navigating the complexities of measurement systems. The foundational philosophy remains unchanged: to provide the most frequently required and the most specialized conversion factors in a clear, logical, and easily navigable format. We have retained the robust structure that users appreciated in previous editions—grouping conversions by physical quantity—while introducing new tables addressing emerging fields and updated international agreements. This edition is not merely a collection of numbers; it is a carefully curated instrument designed to minimize calculation errors and maximize efficiency when transitioning between metric (SI), Imperial (U.S. customary), and other specialized units. Every factor has been cross-referenced and verified against the latest national and international standards bodies, including NIST and BIPM, to guarantee the highest degree of accuracy. The introduction has been expanded to provide a clearer context regarding the evolution of measurement systems, particularly the ongoing integration of the International System of Units (SI). Furthermore, new sections have been dedicated to complex thermodynamic conversions and nuanced electrical engineering parameters, areas where precision is paramount and historical variations in unit definition can cause significant confusion. We trust that Conversion Tables, 3rd Edition will prove an indispensable companion in the laboratory, the workshop, the classroom, and the field, supporting accurate and efficient work across the globe. Section 1: Fundamentals of Measurement and General Conversions This section lays the groundwork by establishing the core relationships between the most fundamental units of measure, facilitating rapid cross-system checks. 1.1 Length and Distance This comprehensive suite covers conversions involving macroscopic and microscopic scales. Beyond the standard meter, foot, and yard conversions, specific tables address units critical in specialized contexts: Astronomical Units: Inclusion of parsecs, light-years, and astronomical units (AU) necessary for astrophysics and large-scale spatial calculations. Geodetic and Surveying Units: Detailed conversion factors for chains (Gunter's), rods, furlongs, and specialized mapping distances used in civil engineering and cadastral surveying. Micro-Scale Metrics: Precise conversions involving microns ($mu ext{m}$), nanometers ($ ext{nm}$), angstroms ($ ext{AA}$), and $ ext{X}$-ray units (XU), essential for materials science and semiconductor fabrication. 1.2 Mass and Weight A thorough examination of mass terminology, distinguishing between mass (independent of gravity) and weight (force due to gravity). International Standards: Detailed metric prefixes (milligram to metric ton) and their equivalents in avoirdupois pounds and ounces. Troy System: Dedicated tables for precious metal trade, detailing grains, pennyweights, troy ounces, and troy pounds, clearly differentiated from their avoirdupois counterparts. Historical and Specialized Units: Inclusion of slugs (for Imperial dynamic calculations), carats (for gemstones), and metric tonnes (T) versus short tons (US) and long tons (UK). 1.3 Time While time units are generally standardized, this section addresses practical applications involving large time scales and frequency definitions. Standard Intervals: Seconds, minutes, hours, days, and Julian/Gregorian years. Frequency: Conversions between Hertz ($ ext{Hz}$), revolutions per minute ($ ext{RPM}$), and cycles per second. Pulsed Systems: Factors relating to time-of-flight measurements where picoseconds and femtoseconds are relevant. Section 2: Mechanics, Energy, and Power The physical mechanics section forms the backbone for engineering disciplines, focusing on derived units where the complexity of conversion factors is highest. 2.1 Force Conversion between the SI unit Newton ($ ext{N}$) and various customary force units. Gravitational Forces: Detailed comparisons between the pound-force ($ ext{lbf}$) and the kilogram-force ($ ext{kgf}$), clarifying the dependency on standard gravity ($g_0$). Pressure Equivalents in Force: Direct conversions where pressure is interpreted as force over a unit area (e.g., converting $ ext{psi}$ to $ ext{lbf}/ ext{in}^2$). 2.2 Pressure and Stress This section is significantly expanded to handle the vast array of pressure measurements used across fluid dynamics, meteorology, and materials testing. Absolute vs. Gauge Pressure: Clear guidance and conversions between absolute pressures (referenced to a perfect vacuum) and gauge pressures (referenced to ambient atmospheric pressure). Fluid Column Equivalents: Comprehensive tables linking pressures measured in millimeters of mercury ($ ext{mmHg}$), inches of water ($ ext{inH}_2 ext{O}$), and meters of water ($ ext{mH}_2 ext{O}$), including specifications for standard fluid densities (e.g., $4^circ ext{C}$ water). Industrial Standards: Inclusion of $ ext{kgf}/ ext{cm}^2$ (technical atmosphere, $ ext{at}$) and standard atmospheres ($ ext{atm}$). 2.3 Work, Energy, and Heat The interchangeability of mechanical, thermal, and electrical energy units requires exacting standards. Thermal Units: Detailed factors relating Joules ($ ext{J}$) to calories (thermochemical, $15^circ ext{C}$, and international calorie) and BTUs (British Thermal Units, including $ ext{BTU}_ ext{IT}$ and $ ext{BTU}_ ext{mean}$). Industrial Energy: Conversions involving kilowatt-hours ($ ext{kWh}$), therms, and tonsof-refrigeration equivalents. 2.4 Power Translating mechanical power (horsepower) to thermal and electrical metrics. Horsepower Variants: Distinction and conversion between mechanical horsepower (Imperial/US) and metric horsepower (Pferdestärke, $ ext{PS}$). Efficiency Metrics: Factors relating power output to fuel consumption equivalents (e.g., $ ext{BTU}/ ext{hr}$ to Watts). Section 3: Fluid Dynamics and Viscosity Accurate fluid measurement is crucial in chemical processing, hydraulics, and environmental engineering. 3.1 Volume and Flow Rate Handling both dry bulk and liquid volumes, including specialized measures for volumetric flow. Liquid Measures: Comprehensive coverage of US fluid ounces, UK (Imperial) fluid ounces, US gallons, Imperial gallons, liters, and cubic meters ($ ext{m}^3$). Bulk Materials: Conversions for bushels, pecks, and liquid barrels (petroleum, beer). Flow: Conversions between liters per second ($ ext{L}/ ext{s}$), gallons per minute ($ ext{GPM}$), and cubic feet per minute ($ ext{CFM}$). 3.2 Viscosity This section addresses the resistance of fluids to flow, differentiating between dynamic and kinematic measures. Dynamic Viscosity ($mu$): Conversions between the SI unit Pascal-second ($ ext{Pa}cdot ext{s}$, or $ ext{kg}/( ext{m}cdot ext{s})$) and the CGS unit Poise ($ ext{P}$), including centipoise ($ ext{cP}$). Kinematic Viscosity ($ u$): Conversions between Stokes ($ ext{St}$) and centistokes ($ ext{cSt}$), relating to $ ext{mm}^2/ ext{s}$. Section 4: Electrical and Magnetic Quantities Reflecting modern reliance on electrical systems, this section ensures precise cross-referencing between SI derived units and legacy electrical measures. 4.1 Electrical Potential and Charge Charge: Conversions between the Coulomb ($ ext{C}$) and the electrostatic unit ($ ext{esu}$). Voltage and Electromotive Force: Direct relationships between Volts ($ ext{V}$) and older units like the $ ext{abvolt}$. 4.2 Conductance and Resistance Resistance: Conversion between the Ohm ($Omega$) and the Mho (reciprocal Ohm, historically used for conductance). Conductivity: Factors relating Siemens per meter ($ ext{S}/ ext{m}$) to older volume-based conductivity measures like $ ext{CMIL}/ ext{ft}$. 4.3 Magnetism The distinction between magnetic field strength and magnetic flux density is critical here. Flux Density (B): Conversion between Tesla ($ ext{T}$) and the CGS unit Gauss ($ ext{G}$). Magnetic Field Strength (H): Conversions involving Amperes per meter ($ ext{A}/ ext{m}$) and Oersteds ($ ext{Oe}$). Section 5: Thermal Properties and Temperature Scales Temperature conversions are frequently error-prone due to the non-linear nature of the scales. This section provides precise formulas and conversion tables. 5.1 Temperature Scale Transformation Detailed, non-linear conversion charts and the precise mathematical formulas for moving between: Celsius ($ ext{C}$) Fahrenheit ($ ext{F}$) Kelvin ($ ext{K}$) Rankine ($ ext{R}$ - crucial for certain thermodynamic and aerospace engineering calculations). 5.2 Heat Transfer and Thermal Conductivity Heat Transfer Coefficient ($h$): Conversions between $ ext{W}/( ext{m}^2cdot ext{K})$ and $ ext{BTU}/( ext{hr}cdot ext{ft}^2cdot^circ ext{F})$. Thermal Conductivity ($k$): Factors relating $ ext{W}/( ext{m}cdot ext{K})$ to $ ext{BTU}/( ext{hr}cdot ext{ft}cdot^circ ext{F})$. Appendix: Prefixes, Constants, and Conventions The concluding appendix serves as a quick-reference guide to supporting information: 1. SI Prefixes: A complete listing of standard prefixes from yocto ($10^{-24}$) to yotta ($10^{24}$), including their standard abbreviations. 2. Fundamental Physical Constants: A tabulation of precisely defined constants (e.g., speed of light in vacuum, Planck constant, gravitational constant) expressed in both SI and conventional units to facilitate derivation checks. 3. Conventions for Rounding and Significant Figures: Best practice guidelines for applying conversion factors while maintaining appropriate data integrity, reflecting the precision inherent in the original measurements.

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