☆作者簡介：

戴維·J.羅思曼（David J. Rothman），美國哥倫比亞大學內科與外科醫師學院伯納德·捨恩伯格社會醫學講席教授、社會與醫學研究中心主任、哥倫比亞大學曆史學教授。著有《發現庇護所》（The Discovery of The Asylum）和《良心與便利》（Conscience and Convenience）等作品。

☆譯者簡介：

潘驛煒，北京大學醫學人文學院博士研究生，關注醫學史上的法律和政策問題，譯有《病患悖論：為什麼“過度”醫療不利於你的健康？》（中國社會科學齣版社），閤譯有《重來也不會好過現在：成年人的哲學指南》（廣西師範大學齣版社）。

David Rothman gives us a brilliant, finely etched study of medical practice today. Beginning in the mid-1960s, the practice of medicine in the United States underwent a most remarkable--and thoroughly controversial--transformation. The discretion that the profession once enjoyed has been increasingly circumscribed, and now an almost bewildering number of parties and procedures participate in medical decision making. Well into the post-World War II period, decisions at the bedside were the almost exclusive concern of the individual physician, even when they raised fundamental ethical and social issues. It was mainly doctors who wrote and read about the morality of withholding a course of antibiotics and letting pneumonia serve as the old man's best friend, of considering a newborn with grave birth defects a "stillbirth" thus sparing the parents the agony of choice and the burden of care, of experimenting on the institutionalized the retarded to learn more about hepatitis, or of giving one patient and not another access to the iron lung when the machine was in short supply. Moreover, it was usually the individual physician who decided these matters without formal discussions with patients, their families, or even with colleagues, and certainly without drawing the attention of journalists, judges, or professional philosophers. The impact of the invasion of outsiders into medical decision-making, most generally framed, was to make the invisible visible. Outsiders to medicine--that is, lawyers, judges, legislators, and academics--have penetrated its every nook and cranny, in the process giving medicine exceptional prominence on the public agenda and making it the subject of populardiscourse. The glare of the spotlight transformed medical decision making, shaping not merely the external conditions under which medicine would be practiced (something that the state, through the regulation of licensure. had always done), but the very substance of medical practice--the decisions that physicians made at the bedside.