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(Dis)connected Empires takes the reader on a global journey to explore the triangle formed during the sixteenth century between the Portuguese empire, the empire of Kotte in Sri Lanka, and the Catholic Monarchy of the Spanish Habsburgs. It explores nine decades of connections, cross-cultural diplomacy, and dialogue, to answer one troubling question: why, in the end, did one side decide to conquer the other? To find the answer,Biedermann explores the imperial ideas that shaped the politics of Renaissance Iberia and sixteenth-century Sri Lanka. (Dis)connected Empires argues that, whilst some of these ideas and the political idioms builtaround them were perceived as commensurate by the various parties involved, differences also emerged early on. This prepared the ground for a new kind of conquest politics, which changed the inter-imperial game at the end of the sixteenth century. The transition from suzerainty-driven to sovereignty-fixated empire-building changed the face of Lankan and Iberian politics forever, and is of relevance to global historians at large. Through its scrutiny of diplomacy, political letter-writing,translation practices, warfare, cartography, and art, (Dis)connected Empires paints a troubling panorama of connections breeding divergence and leading to communicational collapse. It examines a key chapterin the pre-history of British imperialism in Asia, highlighting how diplomacy and mutual understandings can, under certain conditions, produce conquest.

Zoltán Biedermann, Associate Professor of Portuguese and Brazilian Studies at University College London, is a historian of early modern global connections with a focus on the Portuguese Empire in Asia. His interests include diplomacy, imperial ideas, cartography, and the politics of space. He received his PhD in 2006 from the École Pratique des Hautes Études in Paris and the Universidade Nova in Lisbon. He has been a research fellow at UCLA, Assistant Professor at Birkbeck College London, Visiting Assistant Professor at Brown University, and Maître de conférences invité at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris.

Querying the Origins of European Conquest in Asia 1
Disconnecting Empires Towards a Critical History of Early Modern Imperial Connections 12
Lords of the Land Lords of the Sea Establishing an Imperial Dialogue Against the Odds 37
The Matrioshka Principle and Its Discontents Connecting Imperial Ideas Across the Continents 67
Conversion Diplomacy Lankan Imperial Projects and the Politics of Catholic Universalism 94
Moving into the Native Ground Turmoil and Diplomatic Diversification in the Middle of the Century 122
Translatio Imperii in the Tropics Colombo the Spectre of Cortés in Asia and the Unification of Iberian Empires 143
From Allies to Invaders Sri Lanka at the Crossroads of Global Iberian Imperialism 162
Anatomy of a Divergence Habsburg Sovereignty and the End of the Lankan Island Empire 191
Disconnected Histories and the Beginnings of European Conquest in Asia 211
Glossary and List of Rulers 222
Bibliography 225
Index 249
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