Preface to the Fourth Edition ix
1 Setting the Stage for Understanding U.S. Foreign Policy 1
Introduction to U.S. Foreign Policy 4
What Is Foreign Policy? 9
Foreign Policy Orientations 15
Theory and Context 18
Identifying Themes 19
Who Makes Foreign Policy, and Why Are Particular Decisions Made? 20
Who Is Affected by U.S. Foreign Policy Decisions? 24
Setting the Stage 28
2 Unilateralism to Engagement: The Founding to the End of
World War I, 1777– 1920 31
The Beginning 32
Manifest Destiny, the Monroe Doctrine, and Westward Expansion 35
The Civil War 41
The Spanish-American War 41
The Scramble for Concessions 44
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 44
March to World War I 46
U.S. Involvement in Russia 50
Domestic Issues: The Executive and Legislative Branches 51
The Shifting National Interest 52
Applying Foreign Policy Concepts: The Spanish-American War 53
3 From Isolationism to Superpower: The Interwar Years through World War II, 1920– 1945 57
Interwar America 58
Escalation to World War II: 1930– 1941 61
War 66
The United Nations: Defining the Postwar World 70
Applying Foreign Policy Concepts: The Dropping of the Atomic Bomb(s) 74
4 The Making of a Superpower: Cold War Foreign Policy, 1946– 1980 79
The Early Years of the Cold War 82
1947: The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan 86
The Escalation of the Cold War: Berlin to Korea 91
Eisenhower 96
The Kennedy Years 98
Johnson: Vietnam and the Great Society 102
Nixon 106
Carter 111
Growing Engagement 113
Applying Foreign Policy Concepts: The Tonkin Gulf
Resolution and the Lessons of Vietnam 113
5 The Cold War and Beyond: Reagan through Clinton, 1981–2001 117
From Cold War to Democratic Revolutions 118
Iran-Contra 120
The Tower Commission and Report 122
George H. W. Bush and the “New World Order” 123
The Clinton Years 128
Rethinking Foreign Policy Prior to 9/11 136
Applying Foreign Policy Concepts: The Use of U.S. Troops
for Humanitarian Purposes 138
6 George W. Bush: A New Direction for U.S. Foreign Policy?
2001–2009 141
Foreign Policy before September 11 142
September 11 and the Responses 145
Applying Foreign Policy Concepts: Response to September 11 159
7 Obama and U.S. Foreign Policy: 2009–2017 and Beyond 163
The Election of Barack Obama and His Foreign Policy Direction 163
Challenges Facing the Obama Administration 167
Obama’s Legacy: The Future of U.S. Foreign Policy 183
Suggested Readings 199
Books 199
Websites 200
Notes 203
Index 231
About the Author 243
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