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出版者:

作者:Greene, Laurie A.

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价格:440.00 元

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isbn号码:9780820439334

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图书标签:

• Belizean Creole
• Creole grammar
• Linguistics
• Caribbean linguistics
• Language variation
• Sociolinguistics
• Creole language
• Belize
• Language description
• Grammar

A Grammar of Belizean Creole: A Comprehensive Linguistic Study This volume presents an in-depth, meticulous analysis of the structure, function, and evolution of Belizean Creole (also known as Kriol), a vibrant and dynamic English-lexified creole language spoken predominantly in Belize. Moving beyond simple descriptive overviews, this work delves into the intricate grammatical architecture that underpins the language, offering a systematic framework for understanding its complexities for linguists, educators, and native speakers alike. The book is structured around key linguistic domains, each examined with rigorous attention to empirical data drawn from diverse registers and dialects across the nation. It begins by situating Belizean Creole within its historical and sociolinguistic context. A dedicated introductory chapter traces its genesis from the pidgin stage, shaped by contact between English settlers, African enslaved populations, and indigenous languages, particularly Mopan and Kekchi Maya, as well as Spanish influences. Crucially, the work addresses the ongoing debate regarding its classification and genetic relationship to other Caribbean and Atlantic creoles, proposing a nuanced model that accounts for its unique trajectory. Phonology and Phonetics: The Sound System of Kriol The central segment on phonology provides the most detailed phonemic inventory yet published for Belizean Creole. It systematically documents the consonants and vowels, paying particular attention to supra-segmental features. The analysis meticulously details the realization of English loanwords as they are assimilated into the Kriol phonological system, highlighting instances of sound simplification, reduction, and phoneme substitution—for example, the pervasive realization of /θ/ (as in think) as /t/ or /f/, and /ð/ (as in this) as /d/ or /v/. A substantial section is devoted to stress and intonation. The book argues persuasively that while Kriol generally follows a predictable stress pattern inherited from its English base, subtle but significant variations in phrasal and sentence-level stress serve crucial pragmatic and discourse functions. Tone, though not a mandatory phonemic feature in the manner of a true tonal language, is analyzed as a crucial component of expressive and emphatic utterance construction, often differentiating declarative statements from questions or exclamations. Detailed acoustic data support the description of diphthongs and the realization of word boundaries in rapid speech, an area often overlooked in less comprehensive grammars. Morphology: Word Formation and Inflectional Minimalism The morphological analysis confronts the language’s widely recognized tendency toward inflectional poverty. The volume systematically catalogues the morphemes present, focusing heavily on derivational processes. It examines the productive use of prefixes and suffixes to create new lexical items or alter word classes. For instance, the frequent use of the circumfixational pattern involving ka- and -in (e.g., ka-wok-in for habitual or ongoing action) is explored not merely as a tense marker, but as a complex aspectual operator influencing modality. A significant contribution lies in the dissection of compounding and reduplication. Reduplication, particularly for intensification (big-big for very large) or iteration (walk-walk for walking around), is treated not as a stylistic flourish but as a core morphological mechanism fully integrated into the grammar, governed by specific phonological constraints related to syllable structure. Furthermore, the work provides a comprehensive taxonomy of the specialized affixes derived from older English or African substrate sources that have become fossilized or semi-productive within Kriol. Syntax: Sentence Structure and Functional Categories The syntactic core of the grammar presents a detailed exploration of phrase structure, clause architecture, and verbal serialization. Utilizing established formal syntactic frameworks, the book maps out the basic sentence patterns (SVO order), the realization of null subjects and objects, and the mechanisms for embedding and subordination. The verbal complex receives extensive scrutiny. Belizean Creole lacks traditional tense conjugations. Instead, the grammar relies on pre-verbal markers that signal aspect, modality, and evidentiality. The work meticulously distinguishes between the various uses of markers such as don, bi, go, and han (derived from ‘have’ or ‘been’), illustrating how context and position within the clause determine their precise semantic load—whether signaling perfective aspect, habitual action, future orientation, or a simple copula substitute. Serialization of verbs, a hallmark of many creoles, is analyzed in depth. The book differentiates between true serial verb constructions (SVCs), where multiple verbs share a single subject and object slot but each contributes distinct semantic content (e.g., motion, manner, or result), and sequences that function more akin to complex predicates or adverbial modifiers. Specific attention is paid to constructions involving verbs of giving/receiving (gi), motion (go, koom), and causation (mek), demonstrating the intricate functional relationships between the serial elements. The structure of noun phrases is examined concerning determiners, numeral classifiers (where applicable), and adjective placement, noting the prevalent post-nominal position for descriptive adjectives. Furthermore, the analysis of negation and question formation—including the use of invariant tag particles and the placement of question words—provides structural evidence for the language’s established grammatical rules. Semantics and Pragmatics: Meaning in Context This section shifts focus from form to function, exploring how the grammatical structures discussed earlier translate into meaning within communicative contexts. It analyzes the semantic range of key lexical items, particularly those words exhibiting significant semantic shift from their English origins (e.g., padi for friend, lous for angry). The pragmatic study investigates how speakers employ Kriol features to negotiate social relationships. The concept of code-switching between Kriol and Standard English is examined, not as linguistic interference, but as a strategic sociolinguistic tool used to index cultural identity, mark formality levels, or signal in-group solidarity. The analysis includes a detailed look at politeness strategies employed within the Kriol speech community, noting how circumlocution or the careful selection of aspectual markers can soften requests or convey deference. Lexicon and Language Contact The final substantive chapter addresses the vocabulary and the dynamic forces shaping it. While acknowledging the overwhelming majority of English-derived lexicon, this chapter robustly documents vocabulary contributions from Mopan Maya (especially terms related to local flora, fauna, and geography), Spanish (often via loanwords already integrated into Caribbean English), and African languages (though fewer documented direct borrowings than in some other Anglophone creoles). The book concludes with a discussion on standardization, literacy efforts, and the sociopolitical status of Belizean Creole today. It underscores the need for continued linguistic documentation and pedagogical frameworks that respect the integrity of Kriol as a fully formed language system distinct from English, providing essential resources for curriculum development and linguistic preservation. This volume serves as the definitive reference for the grammatical landscape of Belizean Creole.

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我对这本书的整体印象是，它是一次对非主流语言的有力且充满敬意的学术考察。作者显然投入了大量的时间和精力进行田野调查和数据收集，这一点从书中引用的语料的丰富性和真实性中可以清晰地感受到。这本书的结构安排极具匠心，它不是简单地从音系跳到形态再到句法，而是将语言要素有机地编织在一起，展示它们是如何在一个实际的交流环境中协同运作的。特别是对口语中省略现象和非标准语法的详尽记录，这往往是许多主流语法书所忽略或轻描淡写的部分。通过这本书，我不仅学会了伯利兹克里奥尔语的规则，更重要的是，我开始以一种全新的、更具包容性的视角去理解语言多样性。它无疑为伯利兹克里奥尔语的研究树立了一个极高的标杆，充满了对语言生命力的赞美。

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老实说，我原本以为这会是一本枯燥乏味的学术专著，但翻开之后才发现，它比我想象的要引人入胜得多。这本书的叙事节奏处理得非常高明，作者似乎深谙如何引导读者进入一个全新的语言系统。他们没有采用那种冷冰冰的定义堆砌方式，而是通过一系列精心设计的案例研究来逐步揭示语法的内在逻辑。尤其让我眼前一亮的是，它对词汇来源和历史演变的梳理，清晰地勾勒出了伯利兹克里奥尔语如何融合了非洲语言、加勒比地区其他语言以及早期殖民者语言的影响。这种历史的纵深感让学习过程充满了探索的乐趣，仿佛在参与一场语言考古。对于那些对加勒比海地区语言生态感兴趣的人来说，这本书提供了无与伦比的背景知识，使得语言的学习不再是孤立的，而是与一个丰富多彩的历史进程紧密相连，它的价值远远超出了单纯的语法指南。

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作为一名业余的语言学习者，我被这本书的严谨性深深折服。作者在处理那些看似不规则或边缘化的语言现象时，展现出了惊人的耐心和精确性。我注意到，书中对一些特定句法结构的处理，使用了当前最前沿的语言学理论框架进行解释，这使得这本书即便是对资深研究人员来说，也具有很高的参考价值。例如，关于格标记和信息结构在句子中如何通过语序而非严格的屈折变化来实现的问题，作者的论述鞭辟入里，逻辑链条无懈可击。更难得的是，尽管理论基础扎实，但排版和图表的运用却非常人性化，复杂的树状图和表格都经过了优化，旨在清晰地传达信息，而不是为了炫耀复杂的符号系统。这本书成功地在学术深度和可读性之间找到了一个近乎完美的平衡点，绝对值得每一个严肃对待语言研究的人收藏。

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这本书的价值在于，它不仅描述了“是什么”，更试图解释“为什么”。我特别欣赏作者在描述特定语法特点时，经常穿插对该特点在其他克里奥尔语或皮钦语中对应现象的简要比较。这种跨语言的视角，极大地拓宽了我对克里奥尔语族共性与特异性的认知。例如，书中对代词系统和共性标记的分析，就体现了对克里奥尔语发展普遍规律的深刻洞察。此外，书中对不同代际使用者之间语言差异的关注，也让这本书显得非常“鲜活”，它没有将伯利兹克里奥尔语视为一个静止不变的实体，而是将其描绘成一个充满生命力和发展潜力的动态系统。这种动态的视角，对于希望实际使用这门语言进行交流的人来说，提供了更为实用和贴近现实的指导，而非仅仅停留在教科书式的理想化描述上。

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这本关于伯利兹克里奥尔语语法的书，简直是语言学爱好者的一场盛宴。首先，我必须赞扬作者在呈现复杂语法结构时的清晰度和细致入微。他们没有仅仅停留在表面规则的罗列，而是深入挖掘了这种语言独特的音系、形态和句法特征。例如，书中对动词时态和体标记的讨论，结合大量的真实语料例证，使得即便是初次接触伯利兹克里奥尔语的读者也能迅速建立起一个坚实的理解框架。特别是关于疑问句和否定句的构建方式，作者使用了对比分析的方法，将克里奥尔语的结构与更广为人知的英语或其他罗曼语族语言进行了巧妙的比较，这种教学设计极大地降低了学习的门槛。我特别欣赏其中关于社会语言学变异性的探讨，这表明作者的视野不仅限于纯粹的规范语法，而是将语言置于其社会文化脉络中进行考察，使得整本书读起来既有学术深度，又不失生动活泼，绝对是深入了解这种迷人语言的必备参考书。

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