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出版者:

作者:Florescu, Radu R.

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页数:0

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价格:58

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isbn号码:9789739432030

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图书标签:

• Romanian History
• History of Romania
• Eastern Europe
• Balkan History
• Essays
• Historical Research
• Romanian Studies
• Political History
• Social History
• Cultural History

Essays on Romanian History: A Critical Examination of Foundational Narratives Focusing on the 19th and Early 20th Centuries, with Comparative Contexts This volume presents a rigorous, multi-faceted exploration of the intellectual, political, and social transformations that shaped modern Romania. Eschewing a straightforward chronological retelling, the essays delve into specific, often contested, junctures in Romanian historical development, foregrounding the complexities and inherent ambiguities within the national narrative constructed during the long 19th century and the subsequent interwar period. The central objective is to move beyond triumphant nationalist accounts to scrutinize the underlying mechanisms of state-building, cultural legitimation, and the negotiation of external influences. Part I: The Crucible of Modernity – Ideology and Early State Formation The initial section concentrates on the intellectual currents and political maneuvers leading to the unification of the Danubian Principalities and the subsequent establishment of an independent Romanian state. Chapter 1: The Shadow of Phanar: Rethinking Intellectual Lineages in Wallachia (1800–1848) This chapter meticulously dissects the influence of Phanariote administrative structures and Greek cultural hegemony on the emerging Wallachian boyar class. We move beyond simplistic condemnations of Phanariot corruption to analyze how indigenous Romanian elites selectively appropriated, adapted, or vehemently rejected external administrative models. The analysis focuses particularly on the role of semi-official educational networks and the slow, often covert, transmission of Enlightenment thought through religious and commercial channels. Key attention is paid to the subtle codification of local customary law as an early form of proto-national assertion against Ottoman legal frameworks. The chapter culminates with a comparative analysis of early political manifestos, contrasting the moderate reformism of figures within the Școala Ardeleană (Transylvanian School) with the more radical, socially disruptive vision articulated by proponents of the 1848 revolutions. Chapter 2: Geopolitics and the Myth of Inevitability: The Congress of Berlin and Diplomatic Framing (1878) The attainment of full independence following the Russo-Turkish War is often presented as the culmination of purely internal national will. This essay challenges that simplification by undertaking a detailed structural analysis of the diplomatic maneuvering at the Congress of Berlin. Drawing on newly accessible archival material from the French and Austro-Hungarian foreign ministries, the chapter argues that Romanian sovereignty was as much a product of Great Power realpolitik—specifically, Great Britain’s strategic need to counterbalance Russian expansion in the Balkans—as it was of military success. The essay examines how Romanian negotiators skillfully played competing imperial interests against one another, highlighting instances where territorial concessions (such as the acceptance of the Dobruja transfer) were presented domestically as triumphs rather than necessary compromises dictated by external pressure. Chapter 3: Agrarian Question and the Anarchy of Land Tenure (1864–1907) The 1864 agrarian reform under Alexandru Ioan Cuza is foundational to the Romanian modern state narrative. This chapter examines the reform not as a definitive solution, but as the genesis of enduring structural instability. Through quantitative analysis of land distribution records and qualitative assessment of peasant petitions following the law’s implementation, the essay demonstrates the deep discrepancy between the law’s stated goals and its practical effect. It critiques the historical tendency to view the 1907 peasant uprising primarily as a spontaneous outburst. Instead, it posits the revolt as the predictable violent consequence of a protracted legal and economic ambiguity—a failure of the centralized state apparatus to translate legal decree into equitable social reality. The chapter further contrasts the implementation of agrarian policy in the Regat (Old Kingdom) versus the administrative challenges faced by the nascent Romanian administration in the recently annexed Southern Bessarabia. Part II: Cultural Hegemony and the Boundaries of the Nation The second section shifts focus from political architecture to the construction and policing of national culture, examining the fraught relationship between the centralized political elite and marginalized social groups. Chapter 4: Language as Boundary Marker: The Literary Controversy and the Rise of the Junimea Circle This essay analyzes the linguistic debates of the late 19th century, moving beyond the standard narrative of the victory of spoken Romanian over archaizing liturgical language. It focuses on the intellectual agenda of Junimea (The Youth), examining their role in establishing conservative aesthetic norms. The argument advanced here is that the Junimea's insistence on a 'pure' Latinate literary standard served a political function: to distance the Romanian elite culturally from both the Slavic peripheries and the perceived vulgarity of the burgeoning urban proletariat. The essay meticulously charts the exclusion of writers whose dialectal variations or socio-political critiques did not conform to the conservative metropolitan standard established in Iași and Bucharest, effectively defining the contours of ‘acceptable’ national intellectualism. Chapter 5: The ‘Jewish Question’ in the Context of Urbanization (1880–1914) The integration, or systematic exclusion, of the Jewish population is examined through the lens of late 19th-century liberal theory clashing with entrenched social prejudice. This chapter moves beyond simple legislative analysis of emancipation decrees. It uses municipal records, synagogue archives, and contemporary press reports concerning housing, guild membership, and university enrollment in major centers like Galați and Iași to map the mechanisms of de facto segregation. The essay highlights the paradox wherein the Romanian state, founded on principles of modern liberalism and religious tolerance, concurrently fostered a highly effective system of bureaucratic obstructionism, often justified by spurious claims regarding civic loyalty or economic threat. Comparative references are made to similar integration crises in neighboring Hungary to contextualize the specific Romanian manifestation of modern anti-Semitism. Chapter 6: The Church and the Construction of National Orthodoxy This chapter investigates the post-1878 consolidation of the Romanian Orthodox Church as a critical pillar of state ideology. It analyzes the intricate process of disengaging from the traditional jurisdictional authority of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and establishing an autocephalous structure. The focus is less on theological dispute and more on the material transfer of ecclesiastical assets and the ideological shift from a cosmopolitan Eastern Orthodoxy to a distinctly Romanian expression of faith. Evidence is drawn from state mandates concerning clerical education and the funding mechanisms for constructing new diocesan cathedrals, which functioned simultaneously as acts of piety and assertions of national sovereignty, framing national unity through religious conformity. Part III: Territorial Ambition and Imperial Realities (1918–1940) The final section addresses the era of territorial expansion following the Great War and the subsequent attempts to consolidate a Greater Romania, paying critical attention to the internal fissures exacerbated by rapid enlargement. Chapter 7: Administration and Resistance in Newly Acquired Territories: Bessarabia and Bukovina The integration of territories with profoundly different administrative histories—the Tsarist province of Bessarabia and the Austrian crownland of Bukovina—is analyzed as a significant strain on the nascent centralized Romanian bureaucracy. This chapter utilizes comparative administrative reports from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to detail the initial resistance encountered by Romanian prefects. It examines the differential treatment accorded to various populations (e.g., Ukrainians, Russians, Poles, and Germans) and how the perceived need for immediate national homogenization led to policies that alienated established local elites, thereby sowing seeds of future instability that the centralized state proved ill-equipped to manage in the decades that followed. Chapter 8: Intellectuals, Technology, and the ‘Modernization’ Imperative (The Interwar Decades) This chapter explores the complex relationship between state ideology and the perceived need for rapid technological and industrial modernization in the interwar period. Rather than accepting the historical narrative of linear progress, the essay examines the intellectual discourse surrounding infrastructure projects (railways, electrification) and foreign investment. It probes the inherent tension between importing Western industrial models and the persistent agrarian character of the nation. The analysis reveals how state planning often prioritized grand infrastructural gestures—symbolic displays of modernity for external perception—over deep structural reform, leading to economic distortions and a widening gulf between the industrialized periphery and the rural core. Conclusion: Legacies of Ambiguity The volume concludes by synthesizing these disparate investigations, arguing that modern Romanian history is characterized less by seamless progression and more by the continuous negotiation of inherent contradictions: independence versus dependence, cultural aspiration versus social reality, and centralized ideals versus regional fragmentation. The historical framework presented suggests that the foundational narratives solidified during the 19th century contained structural weaknesses—unresolved social questions and ill-managed ethnic integration—that proved decisive in shaping the nation’s trajectory into the mid-20th century.

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