Preface ix
Part I The Explanatory Role of Necessity 1
1. Modality and Explanation 3
Relative and Absolute Necessity 3
Scientifi cally Established Necessities 5
An Epistemological Worry about Modality: Causal Contact
with Modal Facts 7
Modal Nihilism 10
Modal Reductionism and Defl ationism 15
Modal Anti-Realism and Quasi-Realism 27
Conclusion 30
2. Modal Knowledge 32
Conceivability As Our Guide? 32
Modality a Matter of Principle? 36
The Theoretical Roles of Modal Claims: Towards a Modal
Epistemology 41
The Spheres of Possibility 60
Part II The Necessary Shape of Contingency 63
3. Ultimate Explanation and Necessary Being: The Existence
Stage of the Cosmological Argument 65
Necessary Being 68
viii Contents
Two Objections to the Traditional Answer 73
Necessary Being As the Explanatory Ground of Contingency? 79
4. The Identifi cation Stage 86
From Necessary Being to God, I: Transcendent,
Not Immanent 86
Two Models of Transcendent Necessary Being:
Logos and Chaos 93
Varieties of Chaos 93
Interlude: The Fine-Tuning Argument 97
From Necessary Being to God, II: Logos, Not Random Chaos 109
5. The Scope of Contingency 111
How Many Universes Would Perfection Realize? 111
Perfection and Freedom 121
Some Applications of the Many-Universe-Creation Hypothesis 122
Necessary Being and the Scope of Possibility 125
Necessary Being and the Many Necessary Truths 128
6. The God of Abraham, Isaac, and Anselm? 130
The Unity of the Divine Nature and Its Consequences 132
Natural Theology in the Understanding of Revealed Theology 140
Coda 143
Notes 145
Bibliography 162
Index 172
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