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Series Preface viii
Preface to the Third Edition ix
Preface to the Second Edition x
Preface to the First Edition xi
1. What is Ethnicity? 1
The term itself 4; Ethnicity and race 5; Ethnicity, nation and
class 9; The current concern with ethnicity 11; From tribe to ethnic
group 13; So what is ethnicity? 15; Kinds of ethnic relations 17;
Analytical concepts and ‘native’ concepts 20
2. Ethnic Classification: Us and Them 23
The ecology of the city 23; The melting-pot metaphor 25;
Communicating cultural difference 26; Stereotyping 28; Folk
taxonomies and social distance 31; Contrasting and matching 33;
Ethnic stigma 35; Negotiating identity 37; Ethnicity from the
individual’s point of view 38; Criteria for ethnicity 40
3. The Social Organisation of Cultural Distinctiveness 43
Ascription as a decisive feature of ethnicity 43; Boundary
maintenance 45; Boundary transcendence and fluidity 46; Degrees
of ethnic incorporation 48; Ethnicity as resource competition 53;
Levels of ethnic incorporation 54; The theory of plural societies 57;
Ethnicity and hierarchy 58; The interrelationship between criteria 61;
Instrumentalism and its critics 63; A problem of culture 66
4. Ethnic Identification and Ideology 70
Order in the social universe 72; Anomalies 73; Entrepreneurs 77;
Analog and digital; we and us 79; The emergence of ethnic
identities 80; The creation of an ancestral identity 83; History and
ideology 84; Genetics, kinship and ethnicity 87; Social factors in
identity processes 88; Is a European identity conceivable? 89; What
do identities do? 92
5. Ethnicity in History 95
The historical development of ethnic relations 96; Expansions of
system boundaries 96; Capitalism and individualisation 98; The label
‘black identity’ 99; Indians in new worlds 101; Ethnic revitalisation:
from people to a people 103; Colonialism and migration 104; The
power of naming 106; Modern education and ethnic identity 109;
Ethnicity, history and culture 110; History and myth 112
6. Nationalism 117
The race to nation 117; What is nationalism? 119; The nation as a
cultural community 122; The political use of cultural symbols 123;
Nationalism and industrial society 125; Communication technology
and nationhood 126; Nationalism as metaphoric kinship 129; The
nation-state 131; Nationalism against the state 132; Nationalism and
the Other 134; The problem of identity boundaries 136; Nationalism
without ethnicity? 140; Nationalism and ethnicity reconsidered 144
7. Minorities and the State 147
Minorities and majorities 147; Minorities and the state 148; The
creation of minorities in the modern world 151; Indigeneity 152;
Territorial conflict 153; Stages in ethnogenesis 155; Factors in
indigenous ethnogenesis 157; Immigrant minorities 159; Boundaries
and hybridity 161; Culture and economics among migrants 163;
Identities and culture 167; Ethnicity in the US: race, class and
language 168; Minorities and modernity 171
8. Identity Politics, Culture and Rights 174
Dilemmas of ethnic diversity 174; Multiculturalism and its
critics 176; Beyond the standard paradigm of nation-building 178;
Embedded discourses about culture and pluralism 181; Struggles
over cultural identity and social integration 184; Diaspora and
hybridity 186; Transnationalism and long-distance nationalism 187;
The modernity of Hindutva 192; Some generic features of identity
politics 194
9. The Non-Ethnic 198
Globalisation 199; Social theory and the postmodern world 202;
Changes in the world of intergroup relations 204; Globalisation and
localisation 206; Identities and loyalties 209; Gender, ethnicity and
nationhood 211; Beyond ethnicity? 213; The end of ethnicity? 215;
The eye of the beholder 218
Bibliography 220
Index 237
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