Semantic Externalism

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出版者:Routledge
作者:Jesper Kallestrup
出品人:
页数:288
译者:
出版时间:2011-10-14
价格:USD 49.95
装帧:Paperback
isbn号码:9780415449977
丛书系列:New Problems of Philosophy
图书标签:
  • 语言哲学
  • 哲学
  • 语言学
  • 语义外在论
  • 心灵哲学
  • 分析哲学
  • sematic
  • semantic
  • 语义学
  • 外部主义
  • 哲学
  • 语言哲学
  • 心灵哲学
  • 认知科学
  • 意义
  • 指称
  • 语境
  • 思想
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具体描述

Semantic externalism is the view that the meanings of referring terms, and the contents of beliefs that are expressed by those terms, are not fully determined by factors internal to the speaker but are instead bound up with the environment. The debate about semantic externalism is one of the most important but difficult topics in philosophy of mind and language, and has consequences for our understanding of the role of social institutions and the physical environment in constituting language and the mind. In this long-needed book, Jesper Kallestrup provides an invaluable map of the problem. Beginning with a thorough introduction to the theories of descriptivism and referentialism and the work of Frege and Kripke, Kallestrup moves on to analyse Putnam,s Twin Earth argument, Burge,s arthritis argument and Davidson,s Swampman argument. He also discusses how semantic externalism is at the heart of important topics such as indexical thoughts, epistemological skepticism, self-knowledge, and mental causation. Including chapter summaries, a glossary of terms, and an annotated guide to further reading, Semantic Externalism an ideal guide for students studying philosophy of language and philosophy of mind.

《心智的疆界:语言、世界与意义的再定义》 作者:阿瑟·克拉克·菲尔丁 第一部分:知识的根基与语境的迷思 本书深入探讨了人类知识结构的核心问题:心智的边界究竟在哪里?传统的哲学观点倾向于将心智视为一个封闭的、内在于个体的实体,其内容完全由内部的表征和信念构成。然而,《心智的疆界》挑战了这一本体论假设,提出了一种更为动态、开放的认知模型。 菲尔丁教授首先回顾了二十世纪中叶以来对“内在主义”哲学的批判,特别是蒯因对“意义”的分析所带来的冲击。他指出,如果意义完全依赖于个体内部的语言结构和概念体系,那么跨个体、跨文化乃至跨历史的交流就变得岌岌可危。我们如何确定,当两个人使用同一个词汇时,他们所指涉的“意义”是否真的等同?这种内在的、私有的语言观,在实践中常常导致知识的孤立和理解的障碍。 本书的核心论点在于,心智的“内容”并非仅仅由大脑中的神经元放电模式或符号串决定,而是深刻地嵌入在主体与其所处的物理和文化环境中。我们如何思考、我们如何理解世界,是我们的身体如何与环境互动、我们的语言如何被社会实践所塑造的产物。 作者详细阐述了“行动主义认知科学”对传统心智观的颠覆性贡献。他论证道,认知过程不仅仅是信息处理,更是一种持续的、有目的的身体与环境的耦合。例如,当我们解决一个复杂的几何问题时,我们不仅仅是在脑中进行抽象推理,我们可能同时在纸上涂画、移动身体、甚至通过触摸物体来感知空间关系。这些外部的行动,构成了心智运作的不可或缺的一部分。 在关于语言哲学的章节中,菲尔丁对“指称”的概念进行了细致入微的解剖。他摒弃了简单的“镜像理论”,即语言是对外部世界的简单摹写。相反,他提出了一种“实践性指称”理论:一个词语的意义,是在其被使用的具体情境和社会互动中被动态建构出来的。例如,“水”这个词的意义,不仅仅是H2O分子结构,更是饮用、清洁、生命、河流、甚至神话故事中“水”所承载的文化意涵的集合体。这种意义的开放性和延展性,使得心智的内容也必须是开放和延展的。 第二部分:环境的建构与认知的延展 《心智的疆界》的第二部分将焦点投向了外部环境对心智的塑造作用。菲尔丁强调,人类的心智并非仅仅“存在于”环境中,而是“建构”了环境,同时也被环境所“重塑”。 作者引入了“认知生态学”的视角,探讨工具、技术和符号系统如何成为心智的延伸。计算机、书籍、地图乃至我们赖以生存的城市布局,都被视为人类认知系统的组成部分。他用大量的历史案例说明,不同文明在不同的技术背景下发展出截然不同的思维模式。例如,在印刷术普及之前,口头文化的记忆策略塑造了一种与现代人截然不同的知识组织方式。 菲尔丁特别关注了“规范性”在心智构建中的作用。语言不仅仅是描述性的工具,更是规范性的框架。我们所学习的语言,内含着一套关于“什么是真实”、“什么是重要”的文化假设。通过学习语言,我们无形中接受了一套处理信息、划分范畴的社会规范。这种规范性将心智的边界从个体内部推向了更广阔的社会结构之中。 在探讨“自我”的构建时,本书提出了一个反直觉的观点:自我意识本身,就是一种社会性的建构。我们对“我是谁”的理解,是通过我们如何向他人表达自己、如何被他人理解和评价而形成的。自我并非一个孤立的实体,而是在持续的社会互动中被编织出来的叙事结构。 书中对“意义的非局域性”进行了深入的探讨。菲尔丁认为,一个信念的真值和意义,并不能完全在个体内部得到确证。例如,一个天文学家对黑洞的理解,依赖于整个天文学共同体的理论、观测数据和共享的数学语言。如果将该天文学家置于完全孤立的环境,其关于黑洞的知识会迅速瓦解或变得毫无意义。因此,心智的内容具有一种“非局域性”,它分布在个体、工具、技术和社群之中。 第三部分:伦理、责任与未来展望 最后一部分,菲尔丁将认知理论的探讨引向了伦理学和责任的领域。如果心智是开放且延展的,那么我们如何界定道德责任的归属? 他论证道,传统的责任归属模型,即完全基于个体的“意图”和“自由意志”,在面对复杂的技术和社会系统时显得捉襟见肘。当一个复杂的算法系统做出带有偏见的决策时,责任究竟在于编写代码的工程师、输入数据的收集者、还是整个算法的推广体系?《心智的疆界》主张,责任的分配必须反映出认知和行动的延展性。我们不仅要为我们“内在”的思想负责,更要为我们所参与构建的认知生态系统负责。 在展望未来时,菲尔丁对人工智能的发展提出了深刻的哲学反思。他质疑了“强人工智能”是否可能仅仅通过模拟人类大脑的内部结构来实现。他认为,除非人工智能系统能够真正地、沉浸式地参与到人类所共享的、具有实践性和规范性的世界互动中,否则它们充其量只是高度复杂的符号处理器,而非真正拥有“心智”的实体。 本书最终总结道,心智的疆界并非一道清晰的界限,而是一片不断变动的、与世界交织的动态区域。理解心智,就是理解人类如何通过行动、语言和文化环境,持续地创造和重新定义我们自身的存在。这是一部对知识本质、语言功能和社会认同的深刻反思,为理解人类智能在数字时代的位置提供了全新的哲学框架。

作者简介

杰斯帕•凯勒斯特拉普,爱丁堡大学哲学资深讲师,主要关注语言哲学和心灵哲学,在《分析》《哲学研究》《哲学与现象学研究》等著名哲学杂志上发表多篇论文,《语义外在论》是他的专著。

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《语义外在性》,这书名如同一颗被投入宁静哲学湖面的石子,激起了层层涟漪,让我开始构想书中的精彩内容。 我想象这本书会是一场关于意义本质的深度溯源,它会挑战我们对“意义”二字的直观理解,将我们从封闭的内在心智世界中解放出来,引导我们去认识到外部世界的关键作用。 我期待书中能细致地梳理不同语义外在主义的流派,比如,是否会重点介绍那些强调“指称”与“意义”紧密关联的理论,如索尔·克里普克的“因果理论”,并探讨它如何解释像“金”(gold)或“水”(water)这类自然类名(natural kind terms)的意义? 又或者,它是否会关注那些更侧重于“语境”和“社会实践”的外在主义观点,例如,分析麦克道威尔(John McDowell)提出的“感官能力”(perceptual capacities)如何在与世界的互动中塑造我们的概念? 我对书中如何处理那些涉及“信念”和“意向性”(intentionality)的哲学难题也充满期待。 如果一个人的信念内容是部分由外部世界决定的,那么当两个人在面对相似情境时,他们是否就能拥有相同的信念? 这是否会给认识论带来新的挑战,例如,我们如何确信自己和他人的信念都是“真实”的? Moreover, I'm particularly interested in the book's potential discussion of the evolutionary and developmental aspects of semantic externalism. How do infants and young children acquire language and meaning? If meaning is external, does this imply that language acquisition is fundamentally a process of learning to connect internal representations with external referents and social conventions? The book might offer a compelling narrative of how the human mind, through its interaction with the environment, gradually constructs its semantic world. The title itself is an invitation to explore the vast landscape beyond the skull, suggesting that the very essence of our meaning-making abilities is deeply intertwined with the objective and social reality we inhabit, promising a rigorous and insightful exploration.

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《语义外在性》,这本著作的名称本身就蕴含着一种哲学的挑战,让我满怀期待地构想其中可能包含的深刻见解。 我预感这本书会带领读者踏上一段关于意义的“发现之旅”,去揭示语言的意义并非仅仅存在于我们的大脑之中,而是深深地根植于我们与外部世界的互动之中。 我尤其期待书中能对“外在性”的具体表现形式进行详尽的分析。 例如,它是否会探讨,人类的语言和社会规范是如何共同作用,来固定一个词语的意义的? 书中是否会引用那些关于“社会语言学”(sociolinguistics)的观点,来解释为何在不同的社会群体中,同一词语可能会拥有细微的意义差异? 我对书中关于“自我”与“意义”之间关系的阐述也充满好奇。 如果我思考“痛苦”的意义,而这个意义部分由外部世界中的“伤害”和“痛苦”的客观存在所决定,那么我的“痛苦”这个体验,是否也因此被外部世界所“锚定”? 这种观点又会对我们理解“主观性”(subjectivity)和“客观性”(objectivity)的界限产生怎样的影响? Furthermore, the book's potential exploration of the implications of semantic externalism for the philosophy of law and justice is a fascinating prospect. If the meaning of legal terms and concepts is, in part, determined by external social and historical contexts, how does this affect our understanding of legal interpretation and the application of law? Could it lead to a more dynamic and context-sensitive approach to justice, recognizing that meanings evolve and adapt over time and across different societies? The title itself is a powerful statement, suggesting that our internal world of meaning is inextricably linked to the external world, making this book a compelling invitation to rethink the very foundations of human understanding and communication. It promises a rigorous and thought-provoking exploration of how we make sense of the world and ourselves through language.

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“语义外在性”——仅仅是这四个字,便在我心中点燃了一串串关于语言、思维和实在之间复杂关系的探索火花。 这本书,我想,绝非一本浅尝辄止的概览,而更可能是一次深入骨髓的哲学挖掘。 我在期待着它能够剖析那些支撑着“语义外在性”理论基石的经典论证,例如,它是否会像奎因(Quine)那样,对意义的“不确定性”(indeterminacy of translation)提出新的视角?或者,它会像德雷茨基(Fred Dretske)那样,论证“知识”是某种“跟踪”外部事件的可靠机制,从而将语义的有效性与知识的获取紧密联系起来? 我对它将如何处理那些看似“内在”的心理状态的意义感到特别好奇。比如说,当我感到“疼痛”时,这是否仅仅是我神经系统的某种激活模式,还是说,我“疼痛”的意义,某种程度上也依赖于外部世界中存在着“受伤”和“损害”的可能性?书中是否会讨论,这种外部依赖性如何影响我们对“共情”(empathy)和“他人心智”(other minds)的理解? Furthermore, I'm eager to see how "Semantic Externalism" might address the challenges posed by abstract concepts and mathematical entities. If the meaning of "number" is externally grounded, what exactly is the external grounding for abstract concepts like justice or beauty? Does it reside in social conventions, shared practices, or perhaps in a more robust, objective reality? The book's potential to bridge the gap between the subjective experience of meaning and the objective structure of the world is, to me, its most captivating promise. It might even venture into the territory of how this externalist perspective influences our understanding of scientific theories and their truth-value, suggesting that the meaning of theoretical terms is inherently tied to the empirical evidence they are meant to explain. The implications for philosophy of science, in particular, could be profound, potentially re-framing debates about realism versus anti-realism in a novel light. The very title conjures images of expanding the boundaries of our mental landscape, pushing the limits of introspection to embrace the vastness of the external universe as a co-creator of meaning.

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一本关于“语义外在性”的著作,即便我尚未翻开它,仅仅是书名本身就足以在我的脑海中激起一连串的哲学思辨的涟漪。它让我不由自主地联想到那些关于意义究竟源自何处、是内在于我们心智的构造,还是深深植根于我们所处的外部世界及其与我们的互动中的经典论辩。 我会想象这本书可能深入探讨的,是诸如克里普克(Kripke)关于专名指称的因果理论,以及希尔伯特(Hilary Putnam)的“思想不是大脑”(Mind Not a Computer)的论证,特别是他那著名的“地球是个双子星”的思想实验。这本书的书名暗示着一种立场,认为一个词语或概念的意义,并不仅仅取决于说话者的心理状态,而更关键地,取决于它在外部世界中的指称对象及其与该对象的联系。 这意味着,如果我思考“水”,我的“水”这个概念的意义,不仅仅是我内心对某种透明、无色、无味液体的模糊印象,更是指向了外部世界中H₂O这个化学物质的实在性。这种“外在性”的引入,无疑会对传统的心理主义(mentalism)和内在主义(internalism)提出挑战,可能迫使我们重新审视那些我们习以为常的关于理解、信念和知识的本质的观点。 我也会期待书中对“意义”这一概念进行细致的界定,探讨其不同层面,比如指称(reference)、涵义(sense)和语用(use)等,并分析外在性理论如何能够统一解释这些不同层面的意义。 Furthermore, the potential exploration of the implications of semantic externalism for various philosophical domains is a significant draw. For instance, how does this theory shape our understanding of personal identity, especially in cases of cognitive variation or disconnect? If the meaning of my internal states is partly determined by external factors, does that imply that even my very sense of self can be externalized? The book might also delve into the epistemological ramifications, questioning how we can be certain about the meanings of our own thoughts and utterances if they depend on factors beyond our immediate introspection. The practical consequences, perhaps in the realm of language acquisition, translation, or even artificial intelligence, could also be a fascinating avenue explored within its pages. The very promise of delving into the intricate relationship between mind and world, as suggested by the title, makes it a compelling read for anyone interested in the foundations of language and thought.

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“语义外在性”,这四个字在我脑海中勾勒出一幅壮丽的哲学图景,预示着一场对语言和思维本质的深刻探索。 我相信这本书会深入挖掘意义的“外部”根源,打破长期以来人们对纯粹内在心智的过度关注。 我对书中可能涉及的经典案例研究充满期待,例如,它是否会以“海雀”(albatross)或“老虎”(tiger)这类词语的意义为例,来论证即使个体对这些词语的内部认知有所偏差,其意义依然由外部世界所固定? 或者,它是否会探讨,在某些特殊的认知障碍或“失语症”(aphasia)患者身上,我们如何理解他们语言能力的丧失,以及这是否也进一步印证了语义的外部依赖性? 我对书中关于“意义”与“知识”之间关系的阐述也倍感好奇。 如果我们对一个词语的理解,依赖于它在外部世界中的指称,那么我们是否可以说,我们对这个词语的掌握,就意味着我们拥有了关于其指称对象的某种知识? 这种观点又将如何影响我们对“怀疑论”(skepticism)的理解? Moreover, the book's potential discussion on the implications of semantic externalism for the philosophy of education and pedagogy is of great interest. If meaning is not solely an internal affair, how should we teach and learn languages and concepts? Should educational methods emphasize direct experience and interaction with the world, rather than rote memorization of definitions? The title itself hints at a profound reorientation, a recognition that our minds are not isolated islands but are deeply embedded in and shaped by the external reality, making this book a fascinating prospect for anyone interested in the fundamental nature of human cognition and communication. It promises to challenge our assumptions and broaden our understanding of what it means to truly comprehend.

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《语义外在性》——书名如同一道哲学探险的号角,唤醒了我内心深处对语言、思维以及它们与外部世界之间神秘联系的无限好奇。 我深信,这本书不会仅仅停留于对现有理论的简单罗列,而是会引领读者进行一次深刻的哲学反思,去探究意义的真正根源。 我期待书中能对“外在性”这一概念进行精辟的剖析,例如,它会如何界定“外部世界”?是物理环境,社会文化,还是我们与这些环境互动所产生的经验? 书中是否会引用普特南的“双子地球”论证,或是解释何以“内部状态”不足以充分确定意义? 我对书中关于“意义”在不同哲学流派中的演变和争议也充满期待。例如,它是否会对比分析内在主义和外在主义在解释概念形成、信念指称以及知识获取等问题上的优劣?书中是否会探讨,当两种不同语言的说话者使用同一词汇,但却因其外部参照物不同而拥有不同意义时,如何解决跨文化交流中的语义鸿沟? Moreover, the potential implications of semantic externalism for the philosophy of language and epistemology are a significant source of my anticipation. How does this theory affect our understanding of reference, truth, and meaning itself? If the meaning of a word is tied to its external referent, what does this imply for our ability to have knowledge of the world? Could it be that our knowledge is fundamentally dependent on our access to and understanding of the external reality? The book might also address the possibility of semantic holism, where the meaning of a single term is dependent on the meaning of all other terms within a conceptual scheme. This, combined with externalism, could lead to a radical rethinking of how we acquire and possess meaning. The title is a bold declaration, an invitation to step outside the confines of the self and discover the world as the ultimate arbiter of meaning, promising a rich intellectual journey that challenges conventional wisdom.

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“语义外在性”,这书名如同一把开启哲学宝藏的钥匙,让我迫不及待地想探索其中蕴藏的智慧。 我相信这本书不仅仅是对现有理论的简单回顾,更可能是一次对意义本质的深刻反思和创新。 我期待书中能细致地剖析那些支撑语义外在主义的经典论证,例如,是否会引用“贫困的论证”(argument from poverty of stimulus)来反驳纯粹内在主义的观点,并提出“外部世界”在语言习得中的不可或缺性? 或者,它是否会深入探讨“感知”在确定意义中的作用,强调我们通过感官与世界互动来形成和理解概念? 我对书中关于“信念”、“知识”以及“指称”的内在关联性也充满期待。 如果一个信念的“内容”由外部世界决定,那么我们是否就能说,我们的知识也是外部世界的“反映”? 这种观点又会对那些关于“真理”的哲学辩论带来怎样的冲击? Furthermore, the book's potential discussion on the implications of semantic externalism for the philosophy of religion and metaphysics is a highly intriguing aspect. If the meaning of religious language is also tied to external realities, what does this imply for the nature of faith and the existence of God? Could it suggest that our understanding of the divine is also mediated by our experience of the world, or perhaps by some ultimate, objective reality? The title itself is a profound declaration, an invitation to look beyond the confines of our own minds and discover the world as the ultimate source and grounding of meaning, promising a challenging yet rewarding intellectual journey that promises to reshape our understanding of what it means to be a thinking, speaking being in a vast and complex universe. It is a title that speaks to the interconnectedness of all things, from the smallest thought to the grandest cosmic truth.

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“语义外在性”——这四个字在我脑海中奏响了一曲关于意义的宏大交响乐。 我之所以对这本书充满期待,是因为它触及了哲学中最核心、最引人入胜的问题之一:我们的语言和思想的意义,究竟是从何而来?是内在于我们的头脑,还是来自我们所处的外部世界? 我想象这本书会细致地剖析那些支持语义外在主义的经典论证,例如,它是否会深入探讨戴维森(Donald Davidson)关于“语言的共享性”以及“共同的行动”如何形成意义的观点?或者,它是否会借鉴维特根斯坦(Wittgenstein)后期关于“语言游戏”(language games)和“生活形式”(forms of life)的观点,强调意义是在具体的社会实践中产生的? 我尤其好奇书中将如何处理那些具有高度抽象性和普遍性的概念。例如,“真理”或“正义”这样的概念,它们的意义是否也同样依赖于外部世界?如果是,那么它们所依赖的“外部世界”又是什么样的?是客观实在,还是社会建构?书中是否会尝试为这些抽象概念的意义提供一个外在主义的解释框架? Furthermore, I'm keen to understand how the book might address the potential problems and paradoxes that arise from semantic externalism. For instance, if the meaning of a term is dependent on factors beyond my immediate awareness, how can I be sure that I understand the term correctly? This could lead to skeptical challenges concerning our ability to communicate and even to know the world. The book might offer solutions to these challenges, perhaps by emphasizing the role of social consensus, shared practices, or reliable inferential mechanisms in securing meaningful communication. It might also explore the implications of semantic externalism for the philosophy of psychology and cognitive science, potentially suggesting that our cognitive processes are not entirely encapsulated within the skull but are, in fact, extended systems that interact with and incorporate elements of the external environment. The title itself suggests a breaking free from the confines of the individual mind, an embrace of the vastness and complexity of the world as the true source and grounding of meaning, making it an undeniably compelling subject for exploration.

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“语义外在性”,这本著作的名称本身就蕴含着一种深刻的哲学张力,让我迫不及待地想一探究竟。 它触及的,无疑是语言哲学和心灵哲学的核心议题:意义究竟是纯粹的心理建构,还是与我们所处的外部世界休戚相关? 我期待这本书能够深入探讨那些 seminal 的论证,例如,是否会重塑我们对“理解”的认知,让我们认识到,仅仅拥有大脑中的一套符号系统,并不能完全等同于对某个概念的真正把握? 我尤其对书中如何处理那些难以精确界定的概念,比如“艺术”、“美”或者“道德”等,感到好奇。 如果这些概念的意义也依赖于外部因素,那么这些外部因素又是什么? 是社会共识,历史演变,还是某种更为普适的价值体系? 书中是否会提供一种新的框架来理解和解释这些复杂而模糊的意义? Furthermore, I am eager to see how "Semantic Externalism" might engage with contemporary debates in cognitive science and artificial intelligence. If meaning is indeed external, what are the implications for building intelligent machines that can truly understand and use language? Can AI ever achieve genuine semantic understanding if its "world" is purely simulated or digital, lacking the rich, embodied interaction with a physical and social environment that humans possess? The book might also explore the ethical dimensions of semantic externalism, for example, how our understanding of responsibility or blame might be affected if the meaning of our actions is, in part, determined by external factors beyond our immediate control. The very title suggests a paradigm shift, a move from a solipsistic view of meaning to a more dialogical and world-engaged understanding, which is precisely what makes this book so compellingly relevant. It promises to unravel the intricate tapestry of how our internal minds weave meaning from the threads of the external universe.

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一本名为《语义外在性》的书,光听名字就足以让我对其中可能包含的深刻洞见翘首以待。 我预感这本书将是一场关于意义起源的哲学远征,它会带领读者穿越由笛卡尔的“我思故我在”所构筑的纯粹内在的理性堡垒,走向一个更加广阔、更加复杂的、由语言、世界和我们的互动共同塑造的意义版图。 我特别期待书中能够详尽地阐述“外在性”的具体机制,例如,它会如何区分不同类型的外部因素?是物理环境的直接指涉,还是社会文化语境的约定俗成?书中是否会触及到那些经典的语义外在主义的捍卫者,比如泰勒(Charles Taylor)关于“语言的社会本质”的论述,或者德沃金(Ronald Dworkin)在法律解释中强调的“解释性构想”(constructive interpretation)? 我对书中关于“意义漂移”(meaning drift)或者“意义模糊”(meaning vagueness)的处理方式也充满好奇。如果意义是外在的,那么当外部世界发生变化时,我们概念的意义是否也会随之改变?又或者,我们如何理解那些本身就边界模糊的概念,比如“快乐”或“自由”?外在主义是否能为我们提供一种更具说服力的解释? I am also very interested in the book's potential exploration of the implications of semantic externalism for the philosophy of mind. If our thoughts and concepts are partly constituted by external factors, does this challenge the traditional Cartesian dualism between mind and body? Could it lead to a more integrated view of cognition, where the mind is seen as an open system, constantly interacting with and being shaped by its environment? The book might also offer insights into the nature of belief and intentionality, suggesting that the intentional content of our mental states is not solely determined by internal representations but also by the external objects and states of affairs to which they refer. The very idea of externalism suggests a departure from purely introspective accounts of mental life, beckoning us towards a more empirical and grounded understanding of what it means to think and to mean. This title is a powerful invitation to reconsider the very foundations of our understanding of ourselves and the world around us, promising a journey into the uncharted territories of semantic interdependence.

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