In the past five years, Sun has collaborated with major consumer device manufacturers and other companies to create a highly portable, secure, small-footprint Java application development environment for resource-constrained, wireless consumer devices such as cellular telephones, two-way pagers, and personal organizers. This work started with the development of a new, small-footprint Java virtual machine called the K Virtual Machine (KVM). Two Java Community Process (JCP) standardization efforts, Connected, Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) and Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP), were then carried out to standardize the Java libraries and the associated Java language and virtual machine features across a wide variety of consumer devices. The first round of the CLDC and MIDP standardization efforts took place during the fall of 1999 and spring of 2000. Twenty-four companies participated in the CLDC 1.0 and MIDP 1.0 standardization efforts directly, and more than five hundred companies and individuals participated indirectly by sending feedback while the standardization efforts were in progress. Major consumer device companies such as Motorola, Nokia, NTT DoCoMo, Palm Computing, Research In Motion (RIM), and Siemens played a key role in these efforts. After their first release, the CLDC 1.0 and MIDP 1.0 standards have become very popular. The deployment of real-world, Java-enabled wireless devices began in 2000, and the deployments accelerated rapidly in 2001 and 2002, approaching exponential growth. It has been estimated that over 50 million devices supporting the CLDC and MIDP standards were shipped in 2002, and the number is likely to be at least twice as large in 2003. As a result of the widespread acceptance of these standards, major business opportunities are now emerging for Java application developers in the wireless device space. The second round of the CLDC and MIDP standardization efforts was started in the fall of 2001. The goal of the CLDC 1.1 and MIDP 2.0 efforts was to expand on the success of the original standards, refine the existing feature set, and introduce additional APIs, while keeping a close eye on the strict memory limitations that still constrain the design of wireless devices. More than 60 companies were directly involved in the development of the CLDC 1.1 and MIDP 2.0 specifications, reflecting the broad acceptance and adoption of these standards in the wireless industry. This book intends to make the results of the standardization work in the wireless Java technology area available to the wider software development community. At the high level, this book combines two Java Community Process Specifications, CLDC 1.1 (JSR 139) and MIDP 2.0 (JSR 118), and presents them as a single monograph in a way that the corresponding Java Community Process (JCP) Specifications cannot accomplish by themselves. We have added a general introduction to the Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME ), provided more background material, and included a number of small applications to illustrate the use of CLDC and MIDP in the real world. We also provide some guidelines and instructions for getting started with Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition. A reference implementation of the software discussed in this book is available from Sun Microsystems under the Sun Community Source License (SCSL). Intended Audience The book is intended for software developers, content providers, and other professionals who want to develop Java software for resource-constrained, connected devices. The book is also targeted to consumer device manufacturers who want to build small Java Powered devices and would like to integrate a compact Java application development platform in their products. Objectives of This Book This book is the definitive statement, "from the source," about the key specifications for Java Powered wireless devices. As such, this book intends to provide an overview of Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME ), provide a general introduction to the application development platforms defined by the J2ME standardization efforts, explain the technical aspects of the J2ME Connected, Limited Device Configuration version 1.1 (CLDC 1.1), explain the technical aspects of the J2ME Mobile Information Device Profile version 2.0 (MIDP 2.0), provide sample programs to illustrate the use of CLDC and MIDP, and help you get started in writing your own J2ME applications. How This Book Is Organized The topics in this book are organized as follows: Chapter 1, "Introduction," provides a context for Java 2 Micro Edition and the CLDC and MIDP specifications. Chapter 2, "Overview of Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME(TM))," provides an overview of Java 2 Micro Edition, its key concepts and components. Chapter 3, "Goals, Requirements, and Scope," defines the goals, requirements, and scope of the CLDC and MIDP standardization efforts. Chapter 4, "Connected Limited Device Configuration," introduces the CLDC standardization effort and summarizes the supported Java programming language and virtual machine features compared to the Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition. Chapter 5, "CLDC Libraries," introduces the Java class libraries defined by the CLDC Specification. Chapter 6, "Mobile Information Device Profile," introduces the MIDP standardization effort. Chapter 7, "MIDP Application Model," introduces the MIDlet application model defined by the MIDP Specification. Chapter 8, "MIDP User Interface Libraries," introduces the user interface libraries defined by the MIDP Specification. Chapter 9, "MIDP High-Level User Interface - Screen," introduces the part of the MIDP high-level user interface revolving around the Screen class. Chapter 10, "MIDP High-Level User Interface - Form," introduces the part of the MIDP high-level user interface revolving around the Form class. Chapter 11, "MIDP Low-Level User Interface Libraries," introduces the low-level user interface libraries defined by the MIDP Specification. Chapter 12, "MIDP Game API," introduces the game API defined by the MIDP Specification. Chapter 13, "MIDP Sound API, introduces the sound API defined by the MIDP Specification. Chapter 14, "MIDP Persistence Libraries," introduces the record management system (RMS) defined by the MIDP Specification. Chapter 15, "MIDP Networking and Serial Communications," introduces the libraries for networking and serial communications defined by the MIDP Specification. Chapter 16, "Secure Networking," introduces the protocols for secure networking defined by the MIDP Specification. Chapter 17, "Event-Driven Application Launch," introduces the protocols for launching MIDlets defined by the MIDP Specification. Chapter 18, "Security for MIDlet Suites," introduces the security protocols for MIDlet suites defined by the MIDP Specification. Chapter 19, "MIDlet Deployment," introduces the mechanisms for transferring a MIDlet to a wireless device. Chapter 20, "Additional MIDP APIs," introduces some additional MIDP application programming interfaces (APIs), such as Timers. Chapter 21, "Summary," summarizes the messages of this book. "References" provides bibliographic references. Appendix A, "CLDC Application Programming Interface," contains the application programming interface documentation in Almanac format for CLDC. Appendix B, "MIDP Application Programming Interface," contains the application programming interface documentation in Almanac format for MIDP. Related Literature and Helpful Web Pages The Java Language Specification, Second Edition , by James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele and Gilad Bracha. Addison-Wesley, 2000, ISBN 0-201-31008-2 The Java Virtual Machine Specification, Second Edition, by Tim Lindholm and Frank Yellin. Addison-Wesley, 1999, ISBN 0-201-43294-3 Programming Wireless Devices with the Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition, First Edition, by Roger Riggs, Antero Taivalsaari, and Mark VandenBrink. Addison-Wesley, 2001, ISBN 0-201-74627-1 MIDP 2.0 Style Guide by Cynthia Bloch and Annette Wagner. Addison-Wesley, 2003, ISBN 0-321-19801-8 Connected, Limited Device Configuration Specification, version 1.0[a href="http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=30" target="New">http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=30 Connected, Limited Device Configuration Specification, version 1.1http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=139 Mobile Information Device Profile Specification, version 1.0http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=37 Mobile Information Device Profile Specification, version 2.0http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=118 Java 2 Micro Edition Product Web Pagehttp://java.sun.com/products/j2me/ Connected, Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) Product Web Pagehttp://java.sun.com/products/cldc/ Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) Product Web Pagehttp://java.sun.com/products/midp/ J2ME Wireless Toolkit Product Web Pagehttp://java.sun.com/products/j2mewtoolkit/ Web Pages for This Book Addison-Wesley Page www.awprofessional.com/titles/0321197984 Sun Microsystems Page http://java.sun.com/docs/books/j2mewireless-2ndEd/index.html 0321197984P07102003