List of Illustrations page ix
List of Maps x
Abbreviations xi
Preface and Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction 1
1 The Lay of the Land 15
A Boundless Forest 16
Early Modern Management, Organization, and Exploitation 20
Forest Rights under Siege 29
1678 and Its Aftermath: Conquest, Reform, and the 1669 Ordinance 32
Forest Transformation in Franche-Comté 38
2 “Agromania” and Silvicultural Science: Conservation’s Intellectual Underpinnings 50
Seventeenth-Century Origins 51
Administrators, Local Interests, and Natural Philosophers 55
The Impact of “Agromanie” and Physiocracy on the Forests 60
Forest Improvers and Silvicultural Science 64
Woodland Romantics and the Natural Ideal 66
3 “A necessity as vital as bread”: Forest Crisis on the Eve of the Revolution 69
The Landscape of Discontent 73
Seigneurial Usurpations 79
Industrial Harm 83
Resource Competition and Internal Friction 86
The Failings of the Forest Administration 88
A Salty Struggle 99
4 “Seduced by the word liberty”: Woodland Crisis and the Failure of Revolutionary Reform 106
“Lend a hand to the officers charged with enforcing the laws” 109
“At the disposal of the nation” 115
“Such desirable benefits” 119
“What makes the poor into slaves” 125
Federalist Revolt and the Rébellion des Montagnes 137
“Never was there a more favorable moment” 145
“Violations everywhere” 149
“The need for a new forestry organization is felt each passing day” 151
5 “Nothing is more respected … than the right of property”: The Creation of the 1827 Forest Code 154
“Today the Evil is at its Peak” 157
“Let us . . . keep in mind that we need to save our woods” 160
“Extraordinary and frequent flooding” 163
“Between penury and prevarication” 165
Reining in “egoism and selfish motives” 171
“The clearest enemy of the tree is the goat” 176
Taming the Wild Countryside 178
“Increased the obstacles rather than remedied the defects” 184
“We have become poor”: The Push for the Forest Code 187
The Battle over Affouage 190
Reconciling “the needs of all with the rights of each”? 193
“The interest we must principally protect is . . . that of the landowner” 197
“Timber [is] the principal aim of conservation” 203
6 “Not even a branch of wood has been granted to us” 207
Claims, Contestation, and Cantonnement: The Forest Code’s Reception across France 209
“Far from reestablishing public tranquility, [it] has only made the problem worse” 215
Tumult, Murder, and Mayhem: The Forest Code in the Jura 218
“The masters of their woods” 228
Seeking an End to “iniquitous custom” 233
Uprooting the “guilty hopes” of Liberty 243
Epilogue: “Homo is but Arbor Inversa” 245
From Liberty Tree to President Pine 247
Conservation’s Achilles’ Heel 254
Bibliography 265
Index 294
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