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Equally at home in economic theory and political philosophy, John Roemer has written a unique book that critiques economists’ conceptions of justice from a philosophical perspective and philosophical theories of distributive justice from an economic one. He unites the economist’s skill in constructing precise, axiomatic models with the philosopher’s in exploring the assumptions of those models. His synthesis will enable philosophers and economists to engage each other’s ideas more fruitfully.

Roemer first shows how economists’ understanding of the fairness of various resource allocation mechanisms can be enriched. He extends the economic theory of social choice to show how individual preferences can be aggregated into social preferences over various alternatives. He critiques the standard applications of axiomatic bargaining theory to distributive justice, showing that they ignore information on available resources and preference orderings. He puts these variables in the models, which enable him to generate resource allocation mechanisms that are more consonant with our intuitions about distributive justice. He then critiques economists’ theories of utilitarianism and examines the question of the optimal population size in a world of finite resources.

Roemer explores the major new philosophical concepts of the theory of distributive justice—primary goods, functionings and capability, responsibility in its various forms, procedural versus outcome justice, midfare—and shows how they can be sharpened and clarified with the aid of economic analysis. He critiques and extends the ideas of major contemporary theories of distributive justice, including those of Rawls, Sen, Nozick, and Dworkin. Beginning from the recent theories of Arneson and G. A. Cohen, he constructs a theory of equality of opportunity. Theories of Distributive Justice contains important and original results, and it can also be used as a graduate-level text in economics and philosophy.

John Roemer is Elizabeth S. and A. Varick Stout Professor of Political Science and Economics, Yale University.

Acknowledgments
Introduction
The Measurement of Utility and Arrow’s Theorem
The Measurability and Comparability of Utility
The Arrow Impossibility Theorem
Reformulation of the Impossibility Theorem with Utility Functions
The Connection between Arrovian Social Choice and Distributive Justice
Social Choice on Economic Environments
Conclusion
Axiomatic Bargaining Theory
Justice as Rational Prudence
The Nash Bargaining Solution
Other Axiomatizations of the Nash Solution
The Kalai-Smorodinsky and Egalitarian Solutions
A Criticism from the Economic Point of View
Conclusion
Axiomatic Mechanism Theory on Economic Environments
Introduction
The Domain of Economic Environments
Axioms and Theorems on Economic Environments
Proofs of Theorems
Naming Utility and Goods
Conclusion
Utilitarianism
Introduction
Maskin’s Theorem
The Representation Theorems of Harsanyi and Myerson
Utilitarianism from behind the Veil of Ignorance
An Implication for the Interpretation of Individual Optimization under Uncertainty
Optimal Population Size
Conclusion
Primary Goods, Fundamental Preferences, and Functionings
Countering Utilitarianism
Primary Goods, Welfare, and Equality
Rawls’s Arguments for Maximin (the Difference Principle)
The Cohen Criticism
Kolm’s Fundamental Preferences
Functionings and Capability
Equality of Functionings or Primary Goods: An Alternative Approach
Conclusion
Neo-Lockeanism and Self-Ownership
Nozick’s Theory of Distributive Justice
Challenges to Nozick
Joint Ownership of the External World
Generalizations of Locke on Economic Environments
Implementation
The Morality of Self-Ownership
Conclusion
Equality of Welfare versus Equality of Resources
Introduction
Dworkin on Equality of Welfare
Countering Dworkin’s Central Argument against Equality of Welfare
Dworkin’s Definition of Equality of Resources
An Axiomatic Approach to Equality of Resources
Conclusion
Equality of Opportunity for Welfare
Relocating Dworkin’s Cut, 1
Relocating Dworkin’s Cut, 2
Equality of Opportunity: An Example
Equality of Opportunity: A Formalization
A Discrete Formulation of Equality of Opportunity
Examples of the EOp Mechanism
Related Approaches to Equality of Opportunity
Conclusion
Appendix
Appendix: Envy-Free Allocations
References
Index
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