Part 1 Particles and Interactions
1 Quarks and leptons and their interactions 3
1.1 Preamble 3
1.2 Quarks and leptons 4
1.3 Fermions and bosons: the spin-statistics theorem; supersymmetry 9
1.4 Antiparticles 9
1.5 The fundamental interactions: boson exchange 11
1.6 The boson couplings to fermions 14
1.7 The quark–gluon plasma 21
1.8 The interaction cross section 21
1.9 Examples of elementary particle cross sections 24
1.10 Decays and resonances 30
1.11 Examples of resonances 32
1.12 New particles 34
1.13 Summary 35
Problems 36
2 Relativistic transformations and the equivalence principle 39
2.1 Coordinate transformations in special relativity 39
2.2 Invariant intervals and four-vectors 41
2.3 The equivalence principle: clocks in gravitational fields 42
2.4 General relativity 47
2.5 The Schwarzschild line element, Schwarzschild radius, and black holes 49
2.6 The gravitational deflection of light by a point mass 51
2.7 Shapiro time delay 52
2.8 Orbital precession 53
2.9 The Robertson–Walker line element 54
2.10 Modifications to Newtonian gravity? 55
2.11 Relativistic kinematics: four-momentum; the Doppler effect 56
2.12 Fixed-target and colliding-beam accelerators 57
Problems 59
3 Conservation rules, symmetries, and the Standard Model of particle physics 60
3.1 Transformations and the Euler–Lagrange equation 60
3.2 Rotations 62
3.3 The parity operation 62
3.4 Parity conservation and intrinsic parity 63
3.5 Parity violation in weak interactions 65
3.6 Helicity and helicity conservation 67
3.7 Charge conjugation invariance 69
3.8 Gauge transformations and gauge invariance 69
3.9 Superstrings 73
3.10 Gauge invariance in the electroweak theory 74
3.11 The Higgs mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking 75
3.12 Running couplings 77
3.13 Vacuum structure in gauge theories 83
3.14 CPT theorem and CP and T symmetry 83
3.15 CP violation in neutral kaon decay 84
3.16 CP violation in the Standard Model: the CKM matrix 87
3.17 Summary 89
Problems 90
4 Extensions of the Standard Model 92
4.1 Neutrinoless double beta decay 92
4.2 Neutrino masses and flavour oscillations 94
4.3 Grand unified theories: proton decay 97
4.4 Grand unification and the neutrino see-saw mechanism 100
4.5 Hierarchies and supersymmetry 102
4.6 Summary 103
Problems 104
Part 2 The Early Universe
5 The expanding universe 107
5.1 The Hubble expansion 107
5.2 Olbers’ paradox 113
5.3 The Friedmann equation 114
5.4 The sources of energy density 117
5.5 Observed energy densities 120
5.6 The age and size of the universe 123
5.7 The deceleration parameter 126
5.8 Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) 127
5.9 Anisotropies in the microwave radiation 130
5.10 Particles and radiations in the early universe 131
5.11 Photon and neutrino densities 134
5.12 Radiation and matter eras 135
5.13 The eras of matter–radiation equality 138
5.14 Summary 139
Problems 140
6 Nucleosynthesis and baryogenesis 142
6.1 Primordial nucleosynthesis 142
6.2 Baryogenesis and matter–antimatter asymmetry 146
6.3 The baryon–photon ratio in the Big Bang 148
6.4 The Sakharov criteria 150
6.5 The baryon–antibaryon asymmetry: possible scenarios 151
6.6 Summary 154
Problems 155
7 Dark matter and dark energy components 156
7.1 Preamble 156
7.2 Dark matter in galaxies and clusters 157
7.3 Gravitational lensing 159
7.4 Evidence for dark matter from gravitational lensing 160
7.5 Microlensing and MACHOs 163
7.6 The lensing probability: optical depth 165
7.7 Baryonic dark matter 166
7.8 Neutrinos 167
7.9 Axions 168
7.10 Axion-like particles 169
7.11 Weakly interacting massive particles 170
7.12 Expected WIMP cross-sections and event rates 173
7.13 Experimental WIMP searches 174
7.14 Dark energy: high redshift supernovae and Hubble plot at large z 176
7.15 Vacuum energy: the Casimir effect 182
7.16 Problems with the cosmological constant and dark energy 184
7.17 Summary 186
Problems 187
8 Development of structure in the early universe 188
8.1 Preamble 188
8.2 Galactic and intergalactic magnetic fields 189
8.3 Horizon and flatness problems 190
8.4 Inflation 192
8.5 Chaotic inflation 196
8.6 Quantum fluctuations and inflation 198
8.7 The spectrum of primordial fluctuations 200
8.8 Gravitational collapse and the Jeans mass 202
8.9 The growth of structure in an expanding universe 205
8.10 Evolution of fluctuations during the radiation era 206
8.11 Cosmological limits on neutrino mass from fluctuation spectrum 210
8.12 Growth of fluctuations in the matter-dominated era 212
8.13 Temperature fluctuations and anisotropies in the CMB 213
8.14 The Angular spectrum of anisotropies: ‘acoustic peaks’ in the distribution 216
8.15 Experimental observation and interpretation of CMB anisotropies 222
8.16 Polarization of the cosmic microwave radiation 223
8.17 Summary 224
Problems 226
Part 3 Particles and Radiation in the Cosmos
9 Cosmic particles 229
9.1 Preamble 229
9.2 The composition and spectrum of cosmic rays 230
9.3 Geomagnetic and solar effects 233
9.4 Acceleration of cosmic rays 237
9.5 Secondary cosmic radiation: pions and muons 239
9.6 Passage of charged particles and radiation through matter 240
9.7 Development of an electromagnetic cascade 243
9.8 Extensive air showers: nucleon- and photon-induced showers 245
9.9 Detection of extensive air showers 245
9.10 Point sources of γ-rays 247
9.11 γ-Ray bursts 249
9.12 Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray showers: the GZK cut-off 251
9.13 Point sources of ultra high energy cosmic rays 253
9.14 Radio galaxies and quasars 253
9.15 Atmospheric neutrinos: neutrino oscillations 257
9.16 Solar neutrinos 260
9.17 Neutrino oscillations in matter 263
9.18 Point sources of high-energy neutrinos 263
9.19 Gravitational radiation 264
9.20 The binary pulsar 267
9.21 Detection of gravitational waves 269
9.22 Summary 270
Problems
10 Particle physics in stars and galaxies 273
10.1 Preamble 273
10.2 Stellar evolution—the early stages 273
10.3 Hydrogen burning: the p-p cycle in the Sun 276
10.4 Helium burning and the production of carbon and oxygen 278
10.5 Production of heavy elements 280
10.6 Electron degeneracy pressure and stellar stability 281
10.7 White dwarf stars 284
10.8 Stellar collapse: type II supernovae 285
10.9 Neutrinos from SN 1987A 288
10.10 Neutron stars and pulsars 291
10.11 Black holes 294
10.12 Hawking radiation from black holes 295
10.13 Summary 297
Problems 298
A Table of physical constants 299
B Yukawa theory and the boson propagator 301
C Perturbative growth of structure in the early universe 303
C.1 Growth in the matter-dominated era 306
D The MSW mechanism in solar neutrino interactions 308
Answers to problems 312
References 329
Bibliography 333
Index 335
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