Introduction: Critical Art and History 11
The First Modern Century 11
Art and Emancipation, Art and Reaction 13
The Nineteenth-Century Origins of Critical Art History 16
A Critical Survey of Nineteenth-Century Art 18
Classicism and Romanticism
1. Patriotism and Virtue: David to the Young Ingres / Thomas Crow 22
The Cult of Civic Virtue 22
A Call to Order 23
The Enterprise of Women 26
The Circle of Men 30
A Violent Patrimony 33
Tragedy and the Republic of Equals 34
Figures of Revolutionary Virtue 37
Figures of Revolutionary Death 39
Leaving Terror Behind 42
The Sublime of Authoritarianism 52
Dreams Beyond History 56
2. Classicism In Crisis: Gros to DELACROIX / Thomas Crow 59
Force of Arms 59
An Imperial Antiquity 61
The Artist Hero in the Face of Empire 68
Return from the Wreckage 70
Punishments of the Damned 75
Suicide of the Despot 80
3. The Tensions of Enlightenment: Goya 86
Reason and Madness: Conflicts of the Age 86
The Image of the Pueblo: The Later Art of Goya 94
4. Visionary History Painting: Blake and His Contemporaries / Brian Lukacher 106
Blake's Revolution 106
Body Politics and Religious Mysticism 107
Blake's Public Art 111
Blake and Contemporary English Art of the Sublime 114
Prophecy and Prehistory 118
5. Nature and History In English Romantic Landscape Painting / Brian Lukacher 123
Landscape Instincts and the Picturesque 123
Ruins and Cities 126
Constable's Rustic Naturalism 130
Constable and the Ruin of England 131
Visionary Landscapes of Palmer and Martin 135
Turner's Meaningful Obscurity 139
Turner's Later Work 140
6. Landscape Art and Romantic Nationalism In Germany and America / Brian Lukacher 146
Runge's New Age 146
A Soulful Past: Lukasbund 150
Friedrich and the Mediation of Landscape 154
Progress and its Discontents: Thomas Cole and the American Landscape 155
To Silence or to Reveal Nature's Allegory 160
7. Architecture Unshackled, 1790-1851 / Brian Lukacher 164
A Modern Enlightenment 164
The New Architecture of Social Institutions 167
Architecture and the Gothic Imagination 171
Changing Urban Landscapes 174
Faith or Technology 178
New World Frontiers
8. Old World, New World: The Encounter of Cultures on the American Frontier / Frances K. Pohl 184
The Buckskin Jacket and the Parker Pen 184
The Myth of the Frontier 185
The Stain on a Painter's Palette: Charles Bird King and George Catlin 190
Alternative Representations: Photography and Ledger Art 197
9. Black and White in America / Frances K. Pohl 205
America as an African Invention 205
African Americans and the Civil War 211
Images of Reconstruction: Prisoners From the Front and A Visit From the Old Mistress 218
The African American Artist at Home and Abroad: Edmonia Lewis and Henry Osawa Tanner 222
Realism and Naturalism
10. The Generation of 1830 and the Crisis in the Public Sphere 232
Romanticism and the Burden of Truth 232
The July Monarchy and the Art of the Juste Milieu 235
The Paradox of Patriotism: David d'Angers's Pantheon Pediment 240
Classicism and the Woman Question: Thomas Couture 246
11. The Rhetoric of Realism: Courbet and the Origins of the Avant-Garde 250
Rhetorics of Realist Art and Politics 250
Courbet's Trilogy of 1849-50 260
Courbet's The Studio of the Painter 267
12. Photography, Modernity, and Art / David Llewellyn Phillips 273
Natural Magic 273
Commercial Portraiture and the Industrialization of Photography 281
Photography, Art, and the Debate over Focus 290
Amateurs and Artists 300
13. The Decline of History Painting: Germany, Italy, France, and Russia 309
The Rise of Naturalism in Germany 309
The Italian Macchiaioli 312
Individualism and Naturalism in French Salon Art 316
Challenges to Academic Painting in Russia 323
Modern Art and Life
14. Architecture and Design in the Age of Industry 326
Handcraft and Machine Production 326
Opposition to Mechanization 330
William Morris 331
Arts and Crafts Architecture and Town Planning 335
Reconciliation with the Machine 340
The Architecture of World's Fairs and Capitalist Commerce 344
15. Manet and the Impressionists 350
Edouard Manet and Haussmannization 350
Manet's Olympia 354
Impressionism and the Commodity 357
16. Issues of Gender in Cassatt and Eakins / Linda Nochlin 369
Gender and Difference 369
The Portrait 375
Cassatt and the Gaze 377
Eakins and the American Hero 378
Women and Children 380
Cassatt, Eakins, and the Modern Allegory 383
17. Mass Culture and Utopia: Seurat and Neoimpressionism 388
The Antinomies of Georges Seurat 388
Seurat's Drawings and their Dispersion of Meaning 388
A "Manifesto Painting": A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of the Grande Jatte 391
Mass Culture and the Paradox of Pleasure: Chahut 397
18. The Appeal of Modern Art: Toulouse-Lautrec 402
Novelty and Desire 402
The Crowd 402
Toulouse-Lautrec and Urban Art 403
Modern Form, Popular Content 406
Poster Art 407
The Metropolitan Fetish 408
19. Abstraction and Populism: Van Gogh 410
Seurat and Van Gogh Compared 410
Two Myths about Van Gogh 411
Van Gogh's First Statements of Purpose 413
Early Art in The Hague and Neunen: The Potato Eaters 413
Academic Training and Avant-Garde Education in Antwerp and Paris 417
Van Gogh in Aries 421
Starry Night and Critical Modernism 424
20. Symbolism and the Dialectics of Retreat 426
Modernism versus Symbolism 426
The Rhetoric of Symbolism 428
Gauguin and Symbolism in Brittany 429
Ensor and Populism 432
Symbolist Landscape Painting: Munch, Redon, Monet, and Hodler 439
The Vienna Secession 450
Gauguin and Symbolism in Tahiti 451
21. The Failure and Success of Cezanne 460
Symbolism in Extremis 460
Cezanne: The Cultural Revolutionary 460
Cezanne's Development: The Quest for Totality 462
Cezanne's Artistic Maturity 466
Cezanne and the End of Nineteenth-Century Art 470
Chronology 474
Glossary 485
Select Bibliography 489
List of Illustrations 493
Index 499
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