Contents
Preface xxi
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
Introduction
The Present Telecommunications Infrastructure
Present Technologies for Voice, Video, and Data
Networks
Present and Future Requirements
Downsizing and Outsourcing
Present Systems
Costs of Leased Lines
Virtual Companies and Virtual Networks
Fast Relay Networks and ATM
Development of ATM
Applications use of ATM
Fast Relay Networks and SONET
Broadband ISDN
Summary
CHAPTER 2 The Nature ofAnalog and Digital Systems
Introduction
Analog Systems
Cycles, Frequency, and Period
Bandwidth
Broadband and Baseband Signals
Other Definitions of Broadband
Channel (Link) Capacity
Noiseless Channels and Harry Nyquest
Noisy Channels
The Signal-to-Noise Ratio
The Analog-to-Digital Conversion Process
Sampling, Quantizing, and Encoding
Other Coding Schemes
Timing and Synchronization in Digital Networks
Plesiochronous Networks
The Synchronous Clock Hierarchy
Clarification ofTerms
Timing Variations
Slips-Controlled and Uncontrolled
Bit or Clock Slips
Summary
CHAPTER 3 Layered Protocols, the Architecture
for ATM and SONET Networks
Introduction
Protocols and the OSI Model
OSI Layer Operations
Concept ofa Service Provider
ATM and the Model
Protocol Entities
Service Access Points (SAPs)
ATM and OSI Layers
The Intemet Protocols (TCP/IP)
The Intemet Layers
IP Functions
TCP Operations
The OSI Network and Transport Layer
Summary
CHAPTER 4 Emerged Technologies
Introduction
Comparison of Switching Systems
The Tl/El Systems
PurposeofTlandEl
Typical Topology
Tl and El Layers
Tl/El PDUs
Conclusions on Tl/El
X.25 65
Purpose ofX.25
Typical Topology
X.25 Layers
X.25 PDUs
Other Noteworthy Aspects ofX.25
Conclusions on X..25
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
PurposeofISDN
Typical Topology
ISDN Layers
ISDN PDUs
Conclusions on ISDN
Signaling System Number 7 (SS7)
PurposeofSS7
Typical Topology
SS7 Layers
SS7 PDUs
Conclusions on SS7
ATM and SONET: Reduction (r Enhancement
of Functions in Networks
Summary
CHAPTEB 5 The Broadband Integrated Services
Digital Network (B-ISDN) Model
Introduction
ISDN and B-ISDN
B-ISDN Configurations
ATM and the B-ISDN Model
Examples of the Operations between Layers
in the B-ISDN Planes
B-ISDN Functions
B-ISDN Service Aspects
Summary
CHAPTER 6 Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM) Basics
Introduction
The Purpose ofATM
Pertinent Standards
An ATM Topology
The VPI and VCI Labels
ATM Layers
ATM Layers and OSI Layers
Relationship ofAAL, ATM, and the
Network
Relationship of Layers to the OSI Layered
Architecture
Where to Find Service Definitions
and Primitives
Typical Protocol Stacks
ATM PDUs (CELLs)
Use of Two Identifiers
Metasignaling Cells and Other
Cells
Rationale for the Cell SLze
Network Transparency Operations
Errors and Error Rates
Error Correction and Detection
Probability of Discarding Cells
Overhead of the Cell Approach
Transmission Delay
ATM Labels
Multiplexing VICs and VPIs
Cell Relay Bearer Service (CRBS)
Point-to-Multipoint and Multipoint-to-
Multipoint Services
ATM Interfaces
Principal Specifications for ATM
Summary
CHAPTER 7 The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
Introduction
Principal Tasks of the AAL
The AAL Sublayers
Creating and Processing the AAL
PDU
ClassesofTraffic
Rationale for AAL Types
Dividing CS into Further Sublayers
AAL Naming Conventions
AAL Type 1 (AAL 1)
The AAL 1 PDU
AAL 1 Modes of Operation
Synchronization and Clock Recovery
Running AAL 1 Traffic on a Tl Link
AAL Type 2 (AAL 2)
The AAL 2 PDU
Voice Packetization
Grouping Samples into Blocks
The Voice Packet
Packet Buildout at the Receiver
AAL Types 3, 4, 3/4, and 5 (AAL 3, AAL 4, AAL 3/4,
and AAL 5) for Data
Pre-ATM Approach to Traffic Integrity
Management
ATM Approach to Traffice Integrity
Management
The Original AAL Type 3 and Type 4 (AAL 3,
AAL4)
AAL3/4
Naming Conventions for AAL 3/4
The AAL 3/4 PDU
AAL 3/4 Headers and Trailers
AAL 3/4 Sequencing and Identification
Operations
A Complete SAR-PDU and CPCS-PDU
Example
Functional Model for AAL 3/4
AAL Type 5 (AAL 5)
Structure ofAAL 5
The AAL 5 PDU
A New Type-Available Bit Rate (ABR)
The AAI/ATM Primitives
Summary
CHAPTER 8 ATM Switching Operations
Introduction
ATM Switching
Routing with the Cell Header
Space and Time Switching
Digital Cross Connects
The Switching Fabric
Multiplexing and Label Mapping
Switching Technologies
Shared Memory Switch
Shared Bus Switch
Crossbar Switch
Multistage Switching
Banyan and Delta Switching Networks
Example of an ATM Switch
Summary
CHAPTER 9 Traffic Management
Introduction
Traffic Management in an ATM Network
The Natural Bit Rate
Traffic Control and Congestion Control
Functions to Achieve Traffic Control and
Congestion Control
Allocation of Bandwidth
Computing the Parameters for Queue
Servicing
Dealing with Variable Delay
Connection Admission Control (CAC)
Procedures
Usage Parameter Control (UPC)
Performance Parameters at the UNI
ITU-T Recommendation 1.35BV
Traffic Management at the UNI-Basic
Concepts
Eckberg Scheme
Multiplexing Traffic into the Cells
Token Pools and Leaky Buckets
Allocating Resources
ATM Bearer Service Attributes at the UNI
Traffic Control and Congestion Control
Cell Arrival Rate and Cell Interval
ATM Cell Transfer Performance Pararoeters
ATM Layer Provisions for Quality of Service
(QOS)
ATM Forum and ITU-T Traffic Control and
Congestion Control
Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA)
The Peak Cell Rate Reference Model
Cell Delay Variation (CDV) Tolerance
Managing LAN Traffic with the Available Bit Rate
(ABR)
Examples of ABR Operations
Types of Feedback
Buildout Delay Procedures at the Receiving
Endpoint
Summary
CHAPTER 10 Call and Connection Control
Introduction
ATM Connections on Demand
The ATM Address
Address Registration
The Connection Control Messages
Connection Setups and Clears
Q.2931 Timers and States
CONTENTS
Connection Control Examples
Connection Setup
Connection Release
Restart Procedure
Status Inquiry
Add Party
Drop Party
Signaling AAL Reset and Failure
Functions of Q.2931 Messages and Information
Elements
Messages for Call Control
Messages for Restart Operations
Messages for Adding and Dropping
Parties
Descriptions ofthe Information
Elements
Examples of Q.2931 Messages
Coding Conventions
AAL Parameters
User Traffic Descriptors
Summary
CHAPTER 11 Internetworking with ATM Networks
Introduction
The ATM Network as the Backbone for Other
Networks
Using Q.2931 to Support Protocol Capability
(Tunneling)
Broadband Low-Layer Information
Element
The Network-to-Network Interface
The ATM B-ISDN Inter Carrier Interface
(B-ICI)
Physical Layer Requirements at the B-ICI
Traffic Management at the B-ICI
Reference Traffic Loads
B-ICI Layer Management Operations
Specific Intemetworking Services
PVC Cell Relay Service (CRS)
PVC Circuit Emulation Service (CES)
PVC Frame Relay Service (FRS)
SMDS Service
ATM Backbones for LANs
ATM LAN Emulation
ATM Edge Routers
ATM Virtual Routers
RFC 1483 and RFC 1577
The ATM Data Exchange Interface (DXI)
DXI Modes
DXI Support for Frame Relay
Summary
CHAPTER 12 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
Introduction
PurposeofSONET
Present Transport Systems and SONET
Foundations for SONET
Synchronous Networks
Optical Fiber-The Bedrock for SONET
Pertinent Standards
Typical SONET Topology
SONET Configuration
SONET Layers
Automatic Protection Switching (APS)
Payloads and Envelopes
Envelopes
Mapping ATM Cells into the SONET
Envelope
Payload Pointers
Mapping and Multiplexing Operations
The Control Headers and Fields
SONET Equipment
Progress in SONET Penetration
Summary
CHAPTER 13 Signaling: Operations, Administration,
and Maintenance (OAM)
The Network Management Model
Operation and Maintenance (OAM) Operations
ATM Functions at the U- and M-Planes
U-Plane Operations
M-Plane Operations
End-to-End and Segment Flows
The SONET OAM Functions
Maintenance and Alarm Surveillance
Failure States 353
Alarm Indication Signals (AIS), FERF,
and Yellow Signals
Examples of Remedial Actions upon Entering
a Failure State
The OAM Headers
Section Overhead
Line Overhead
STS Path Overhead (STS POH)
ATM Use ofthe OAM Octets
Using Payload Pointers for Troubleshooting
Timing Problems
OAM at the ATM Layer
Fault Management
Performance Management
Activation/Deactivation
The ATM Management Information Bases
(MIBs)
The Interim Local Management Interface
(ILMI)
The ILMI MIB Groups
ATM MIB (RFC 1695)
The ATM MIB Groups
The ILMI MIB and the ATM MIB
The Layer Management/ATM Primitives
Types of Signaling
Status of Common Channel Signaling
Standards
Summary
CHAPTER 14 Physical Layer Services for ATM
Introduction
Physical Layer Options for ATM
The ATM/Physical Layer Primitives
ATM Mapping into SONET STS-3c
ATM Mapping into DS3
Other Aspects ofthe DS3 Scheme
ATM Mapping into the 100 Mbit/s Multimode Fiber
Interface
Functions ofthe U-Plane Physical Layer
ATM Mapping into the 155.52 Mbit/s Private
UNI
Multimode Fiber Interface
Shielded Twisted Pair Interface
Private UNI for 51.84 Mbit/s and Subrates
Mapping DSl, DS3, and CEPT Payloads into SONET
Frames
The VT/VC Structure
Floating and Locked VT Mode
Interworking ATM and SONET
Summary
CHAPTER 15 The ATM Market
Introduction
Forecasts on the Use ofATM
ATMOverTl/El
Trials and Test Beds
ATM Vendors
DEC and IBM ATM Efforts
ATM Progress in Europe
United Kingdom
Examples ofother Countries' ATM Efforts 412
Some Final Thoughts
References
Abbreviations
Index
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