约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton
1608-1674
英国诗人、政论家。1608年12月9曰出生于伦敦一个富裕的清教徒家庭。父亲爱好文学,受其影响,弥尔顿从小喜爱读书,尤其喜爱文学。1625年16岁时入剑桥大学,并开始写诗,1632年取得硕士学位。因目睹当时国教曰趋反动,他放弃了当教会牧师的念头,闭门攻读文学6年,一心想写出能传世的伟大诗篇。
1638年弥尔顿为增长见闻到当时欧洲文化中心意大利旅行,拜会了当地的文人志士,其中有被天主教会囚禁的伽利略。弥尔顿深为伽利略在逆境中坚持真理的精神所感动。翌年听说英国革命即将爆发,便中止旅行,仓促回国,投身革命运动。
1641年,弥尔顿站在革命的清教徒一边,开始参加宗教论战,反对封建王朝的支柱国教。他在一年多的时间里发表了5本有关宗教自由的小册子1644年为争取言论自由而写了《论出版自由》。 1649年,革命阵营中的独立派将国王推上断头台,成立共和国。弥尔顿为提高革命人民的信心和巩固革命政权,发表《论国王与官吏的职权》等文,并参加了革命=工作,担任拉丁文秘书职务。1652年因劳累过度,双目失明。
1660年,王朝复辟,弥尔顿被捕入狱,不久又被释放。从此他专心写诗,为实现伟大的文学抱负而艰苦努力,在亲友的协助下,共写出3首长诗:《失乐园》(1667),《复乐园》(1671)和《力士参孙》(1671)。1674年11月8曰卒于伦敦。
写作背景:
《论出版自由》是密尔顿在1644年向英国国会提出的一篇演说词。1644年是英国资产阶级向斯图亚特王朝作斗争取得初步胜利的时期,革命内部的资产阶级上层分子长老派害怕革命继续深入,他们竭力控制人民的宗教信仰和政治思想,力图与王党妥协。密尔顿为了争取人民言论出版自由,写了这篇政论,向国会提出呼吁,并在演词中对长老派提出了警告。
When John Milton wrote Areopagitica in 1644, he was not making a contribution to the great debate on church versus state or the limits of toleration, except incidentally. Areopagitica was the result of the response to his Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce the previous year. Advocating divorce seemed to strike at the roots of any religious society; it was universally condemned, and a divine of the Westminster Assembly demanded from the pulpit that Milton's tract be burnt. The Stationers' Company, less interested in theology than the preservation of the copyright system (Milton, like most of his contemporaries, had not obtained a license for the book), joined in the chorus of condemnation. In Areopagitica, Milton first of all defended himself and his right to express what he had written, and then he moved on to consider a new aspect of the problem, the rights of a book itself, independent of the intention of its author.
On the day the English Parliament abolished the Court of Star Chamber and the ecclesiastical Court of High Commission, freedom of the press, both as an idea and as a material fact, was born. It was to take some time to grow to maturity, and its first years were not without risk and dangers. Parliament had no intention of setting the press free--rather of transferring control into its own hands. But when it finally got around to tackling the problem two years later with the Ordinance of June 16, 1643, Pandora's box had opened--political consciousness had come to the country, brought by the hundreds of books and pamphlets that had been printed in the interval. So not only did this Ordinance have little or no practical effect, it created a new and separate idea of debate among the mass of religious and political controversy: How free can speech be? It was against this background that Areopagitica was published in 1644.
Commentary by Nicolas Barker, searchable live text.
这是最好的时代,这是最坏的时代;这是智慧的时代,这是愚蠢的时代;这是信仰的时期,这是怀疑的时期;这是光明的季节,这是黑暗的季节;这是希望之春,这是失望之冬;人们面前有着各样事物,人们面前一无所有;人们正在直登天堂,人们正在直下地狱。尽管这是狄更斯对更迭政权...
评分弥尔顿是一个虔诚的清教徒,《论出版自由》书中的论述大多付诸于神学的话语,但却并不显得虚无飘渺,反而充满着理性的力量。由此可窥见西方文化的其中一个特征:他们认为人的理性是由上帝所赋予的,因此人是高贵的,拥有足够的自信去运用理性进行思考和判断。 在这本书中弥尔顿...
评分《论出版自由》 对出版许可/审查的抨击 围绕着:政府诽谤控制、宗教言论控制 的无效性展开。。。 [反对 政治力量 宗教力量 对 出版自由对控制/审查] 一、 出版自由 的 实质 是 表达自由 表达自由 的 实质 - 当创作 建立在现有知识/作品基础上,就是 再创作 创作/再创作 ...
评分一本仅仅六十页的小册子从头到尾读下来竟然花费了我两天的时间,分析个中原因,除了连玩儿带闹精力不够集中外,这本书的翻译吴之椿先生也着实帮了“大忙”(看过的朋友想必多有这感受)。但当平心静气地看过一遍之后,感觉还真是受益匪浅。作为弥尔顿政论的代表作,《论...
评分最近正在看这本书,刚开始看了不多久,知道书中的很多思想在当今仍然很有借鉴意义。同时也很想知道一些名人对这本书的评价,书评往往也是会很精彩的吧,只是,在网上搜不到,书里也没有看到。还请大家多多指教!!!
好一个激进的自由出版拥护者。有的句子读着慷慨激昂又不失趣味,要不是如此望着古英语的行文我真是要逃跑的。
评分吐血而死,相比果然还是Paradise Lost好
评分太难读。difficult to read...
评分说人话!鲨了你!!你今晚就被我暗鲨!!
评分说人话!鲨了你!!你今晚就被我暗鲨!!
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