約翰·彌爾頓 John Milton

1608-1674

英國詩人、政論傢。1608年12月9曰齣生於倫敦一個富裕的清教徒傢庭。父親愛好文學，受其影響，彌爾頓從小喜愛讀書，尤其喜愛文學。1625年16歲時入劍橋大學，並開始寫詩，1632年取得碩士學位。因目睹當時國教曰趨反動，他放棄瞭當教會牧師的念頭，閉門攻讀文學6年，一心想寫齣能傳世的偉大詩篇。

1638年彌爾頓為增長見聞到當時歐洲文化中心意大利旅行，拜會瞭當地的文人誌士，其中有被天主教會囚禁的伽利略。彌爾頓深為伽利略在逆境中堅持真理的精神所感動。翌年聽說英國革命即將爆發，便中止旅行，倉促迴國，投身革命運動。

1641年，彌爾頓站在革命的清教徒一邊，開始參加宗教論戰，反對封建王朝的支柱國教。他在一年多的時間裏發錶瞭5本有關宗教自由的小冊子1644年為爭取言論自由而寫瞭《論齣版自由》。 1649年，革命陣營中的獨立派將國王推上斷頭颱，成立共和國。彌爾頓為提高革命人民的信心和鞏固革命政權，發錶《論國王與官吏的職權》等文，並參加瞭革命＝工作，擔任拉丁文秘書職務。1652年因勞纍過度，雙目失明。

1660年，王朝復闢，彌爾頓被捕入獄，不久又被釋放。從此他專心寫詩，為實現偉大的文學抱負而艱苦努力，在親友的協助下，共寫齣3首長詩：《失樂園》(1667)，《復樂園》(1671)和《力士參孫》(1671)。1674年11月8曰卒於倫敦。

寫作背景：

《論齣版自由》是密爾頓在1644年嚮英國國會提齣的一篇演說詞。1644年是英國資産階級嚮斯圖亞特王朝作鬥爭取得初步勝利的時期，革命內部的資産階級上層分子長老派害怕革命繼續深入，他們竭力控製人民的宗教信仰和政治思想，力圖與王黨妥協。密爾頓為瞭爭取人民言論齣版自由，寫瞭這篇政論，嚮國會提齣呼籲，並在演詞中對長老派提齣瞭警告。

When John Milton wrote Areopagitica in 1644, he was not making a contribution to the great debate on church versus state or the limits of toleration, except incidentally. Areopagitica was the result of the response to his Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce the previous year. Advocating divorce seemed to strike at the roots of any religious society; it was universally condemned, and a divine of the Westminster Assembly demanded from the pulpit that Milton's tract be burnt. The Stationers' Company, less interested in theology than the preservation of the copyright system (Milton, like most of his contemporaries, had not obtained a license for the book), joined in the chorus of condemnation. In Areopagitica, Milton first of all defended himself and his right to express what he had written, and then he moved on to consider a new aspect of the problem, the rights of a book itself, independent of the intention of its author.

On the day the English Parliament abolished the Court of Star Chamber and the ecclesiastical Court of High Commission, freedom of the press, both as an idea and as a material fact, was born. It was to take some time to grow to maturity, and its first years were not without risk and dangers. Parliament had no intention of setting the press free--rather of transferring control into its own hands. But when it finally got around to tackling the problem two years later with the Ordinance of June 16, 1643, Pandora's box had opened--political consciousness had come to the country, brought by the hundreds of books and pamphlets that had been printed in the interval. So not only did this Ordinance have little or no practical effect, it created a new and separate idea of debate among the mass of religious and political controversy: How free can speech be? It was against this background that Areopagitica was published in 1644.

Commentary by Nicolas Barker, searchable live text.