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出版者:John Wiley & Sons

作者:Kerson Huang

出品人:

页数:493

译者:

出版时间:1987-5-13

价格:GBP 121.00

装帧:Paperback

isbn号码:9780471815181

丛书系列:

图书标签:

• 统计物理
• 物理
• Physics
• 统计力学
• 熱力學和統計物理
• 黄克逊
• 统计物理学
• 统计学
• 统计物理
• 热力学
• 相变
• 涨落
• 熵
• 自由能
• 系综
• 输运现象
• 临界现象
• 热力学平衡

Statistical Mechanics: A Gateway to the Microscopic World and Macroscopic Phenomena This book, "Statistical Mechanics," embarks on a profound journey into the fundamental principles that bridge the gap between the microscopic behavior of individual particles and the observable, macroscopic properties of matter. It is not merely a collection of formulas and equations; rather, it serves as a conceptual cornerstone for understanding why the world around us behaves as it does, from the heat of a flame to the pressure within a tire, from the intricate dance of atoms in a solid to the vast expanse of the cosmos. At its heart, statistical mechanics offers a powerful framework for analyzing systems composed of an enormous number of interacting particles. The sheer impossibility of tracking each individual atom or molecule necessitates a probabilistic approach. This book delves deep into this probabilistic methodology, introducing the foundational concepts of microstates and macrostates. We explore how a vast multitude of microscopic arrangements (microstates) can lead to the same observable macroscopic state (macrostate), and how the likelihood of a particular macrostate is directly proportional to the number of microstates it encompasses. This core idea, rooted in Boltzmann's famous entropy formula, $S = k_B ln Omega$, will be a recurring theme, illuminating the profound connection between disorder and probability. The journey begins with a thorough exploration of the fundamental postulates of statistical mechanics. We will meticulously examine the principles of equal a priori probability, the concept of statistical ensembles (microcanonical, canonical, and grand canonical), and the crucial role of the partition function. The partition function, a cornerstone of the theory, will be presented not just as a mathematical tool, but as a comprehensive descriptor of a system's thermodynamic properties. We will learn how to derive macroscopic quantities such as internal energy, entropy, specific heat, and pressure directly from the partition function, showcasing the predictive power of this statistical approach. Throughout the book, rigorous mathematical derivations will be presented alongside insightful physical interpretations. We will not shy away from the mathematical rigor required, but will always strive to connect the abstract equations to tangible physical phenomena. The aim is to equip the reader with both the analytical skills and the conceptual understanding necessary to tackle a wide range of problems in condensed matter physics, thermodynamics, chemistry, and even fields like biophysics and cosmology where statistical principles are increasingly vital. A significant portion of the book will be dedicated to exploring the statistical behavior of different types of systems. We will begin with ideal gases, a relatively simple yet foundational system. Here, we will derive the ideal gas law from first principles, analyze the distribution of molecular speeds using the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, and understand the concept of equipartition of energy. This serves as an excellent introduction to the methods and concepts that will be applied to more complex systems. The focus then shifts to systems where inter-particle interactions become significant. The canonical ensemble will be our primary tool for examining systems in thermal contact with a heat bath. We will delve into the statistical mechanics of harmonic oscillators and delve into the fascinating world of phase transitions. The concept of critical phenomena, where systems undergo dramatic changes in their macroscopic properties at specific temperatures or pressures, will be explored in detail. We will investigate the behavior of systems near critical points, introducing concepts like universality and critical exponents, and illustrating how statistical mechanics can explain these universal behaviors across seemingly disparate physical systems. A crucial chapter will be dedicated to the quantum nature of matter. The distinction between classical and quantum statistics becomes paramount when dealing with systems at low temperatures or high densities. We will meticulously derive and analyze the Bose-Einstein distribution for bosons and the Fermi-Dirac distribution for fermions. This will lead us to a profound understanding of phenomena such as Bose-Einstein condensation, the behavior of electrons in metals (leading to the concept of the Fermi surface and degenerate Fermi gases), and the thermal properties of solids described by the Debye model. The exquisite predictions of quantum statistics for phenomena like superconductivity and superfluidity will also be touched upon, highlighting the predictive power of this framework. Furthermore, the book will explore the statistical mechanics of systems with discrete degrees of freedom, such as magnetic systems. The Ising model, a simple yet remarkably powerful model of ferromagnetism, will be analyzed to understand the emergence of spontaneous magnetization and magnetic phase transitions. We will explore mean-field approximations and discuss the limitations and extensions of such approaches. The discussion will extend to more complex and contemporary topics. We will explore the statistical mechanics of non-equilibrium systems, a crucial area for understanding irreversible processes and transport phenomena. Concepts like the Boltzmann equation and linear response theory will be introduced, providing tools to analyze systems that are not in thermal equilibrium. The role of fluctuations will also be emphasized, showcasing how deviations from average behavior can be as important as the averages themselves in understanding physical phenomena. Throughout the text, a strong emphasis will be placed on developing problem-solving skills. Each chapter will be replete with carefully selected examples and exercises, ranging from straightforward applications of the derived formulas to more challenging conceptual problems that encourage deeper thinking. These problems are designed not only to test comprehension but also to foster the ability to apply the principles of statistical mechanics to novel situations. In essence, "Statistical Mechanics" aims to provide a comprehensive and accessible introduction to a field that is both intellectually stimulating and practically indispensable. It seeks to demystify the intricate dance of atoms and molecules, revealing the elegant statistical laws that govern their collective behavior and ultimately shape the macroscopic world we experience. The reader will emerge with a profound appreciation for the power of statistical reasoning and its ability to unravel the complexities of nature.

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9.5节用最概然分布处理理想气体，把接近的能级分到一个组，每组对应的粒子按经典或量子的规则随机分布，初学者肯定纳闷，能量不同分布概率当然不同呀，你不是就要推出玻尔兹曼分布吗，怎么又事先假设随机分布了。更好的理解是把分组看做能级的简并，同一组能级的能量是相等的。...

评分☆☆☆☆☆

9.5节用最概然分布处理理想气体，把接近的能级分到一个组，每组对应的粒子按经典或量子的规则随机分布，初学者肯定纳闷，能量不同分布概率当然不同呀，你不是就要推出玻尔兹曼分布吗，怎么又事先假设随机分布了。更好的理解是把分组看做能级的简并，同一组能级的能量是相等的。...

评分☆☆☆☆☆

9.5节用最概然分布处理理想气体，把接近的能级分到一个组，每组对应的粒子按经典或量子的规则随机分布，初学者肯定纳闷，能量不同分布概率当然不同呀，你不是就要推出玻尔兹曼分布吗，怎么又事先假设随机分布了。更好的理解是把分组看做能级的简并，同一组能级的能量是相等的。...

评分☆☆☆☆☆

9.5节用最概然分布处理理想气体，把接近的能级分到一个组，每组对应的粒子按经典或量子的规则随机分布，初学者肯定纳闷，能量不同分布概率当然不同呀，你不是就要推出玻尔兹曼分布吗，怎么又事先假设随机分布了。更好的理解是把分组看做能级的简并，同一组能级的能量是相等的。...

评分☆☆☆☆☆

9.5节用最概然分布处理理想气体，把接近的能级分到一个组，每组对应的粒子按经典或量子的规则随机分布，初学者肯定纳闷，能量不同分布概率当然不同呀，你不是就要推出玻尔兹曼分布吗，怎么又事先假设随机分布了。更好的理解是把分组看做能级的简并，同一组能级的能量是相等的。...

评分☆☆☆☆☆

这本书的排版和图示方面，可以说是完全继承了某种“老派”的学术风范，毫不妥协地走着极简主义路线。大量的文字堆砌，公式占据了主导地位，而插图，少得可怜，且多为简单的二维示意图，对于理解复杂的三维空间构型或动态过程，帮助极其有限。我尤其怀念那些能够清晰展示相空间轨迹或者能量面结构的美丽图示，它们是连接抽象概念与具体物理图像的桥梁。在这本书里，你得靠自己想象出所有的图形——去想象微正则系综中那些密集的微观状态点，去想象熵增过程中相空间体积的扩张。这种“自己动手，丰衣足食”的哲学对于某些自驱力极强的读者或许是种挑战，但对于我这种需要视觉辅助来锚定复杂概念的人来说，无疑是加重了理解的负担。如果能增加一些高质量的、能直观展示关键物理概念的图表和例子，这本书的教学效果会提升一个数量级，而不是仅仅依赖于读者对文字描述的纯粹抽象理解能力。

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如果非要用一个词来形容这本书对教学内容的组织方式，我会选择“线性推进”。它按照一个非常清晰的、由简到繁的逻辑顺序展开：从理想气体开始，逐步引入相互作用、晶格振动，然后过渡到量子统计和涨落理论。这种结构在理论上是完美的，它构建了一个坚不可摧的理论体系。然而，在实际应用和现代物理问题的连接上，它显得有些滞后。例如，在讨论到现代凝聚态物理中一些新兴的拓扑概念或者非平衡态系统时，你几乎找不到相关的深入讨论，更别提具体的计算方法了。这本书似乎将它的关注点牢牢锁定在了经典的、平衡态的统计力学核心理论上，对于那些希望将统计力学工具应用于前沿研究的读者来说，这本书更像是一个必要却不够用的基础平台。它教会了你如何建造坚固的基石，但对于如何在这些基石上搭建现代科学的大厦，它提供的指引就非常有限了。你需要准备另一套教材来弥补它在现代应用领域的空缺。

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这本书，坦率地说，是我在物理学学习旅程中遇到的一座难以逾越的高峰。它的深度和广度令人敬畏，但也因此显得有些高冷和疏离。初次翻开时，那种扑面而来的数学公式和抽象概念的洪流，几乎让人立刻想要退避三舍。作者似乎对读者的背景知识抱有一种近乎苛刻的预设，每一个章节的衔接都建立在读者已经完全掌握了前置知识的基础上，对于那些需要反复咀嚼才能理解的物理图像，书中的阐述往往过于简洁，留下了大量的“自行脑补”空间。我记得在尝试理解玻尔兹曼因子和系综理论时，我不得不频繁地查阅微积分和线性代数的前置材料，这极大地打断了阅读的流畅性。它更像是一本给已经精通该领域的研究人员准备的参考手册，而非一本旨在启蒙新手的教科书。如果你希望通过这本书建立起对统计力学直观而坚实的理解，我建议你准备好大量的辅助材料和充沛的耐心，否则，你很可能会在第三章的某个积分发散点上迷失方向，最终悻悻然地合上它，感觉自己只触及了冰山一角。这本书的价值毋庸置疑，但它的“可及性”绝对是一个需要认真考量的问题。

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这本书的习题部分，是另一个令人望而生畏的领域。它们的设计目的似乎不是为了巩固课堂所学，而是为了测试读者在完全脱离上下文指导下解决复杂问题的能力。许多题目需要跨章节的知识点进行整合，且最终答案的推导过程往往异常冗长和技巧性强，常常涉及一些教科书正文中未曾明确提及的数学技巧或特殊函数处理。我经常发现自己被卡在某个特定的代数变换上，即便我已经理解了背后的物理思想，也无法将它优雅地表达出来。这使得习题更像是一种筛选机制，而不是学习辅助工具。对于想要通过大量练习来内化知识的读者来说，这无疑是沮丧的来源。成功的完成这些习题，带给人的更多是“我征服了一道难题”的成就感，而不是“我真正掌握了统计力学的精髓”的融会贯通感。它提供的是高强度的智力训练，而非平滑的学习路径。

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阅读体验上，这本书简直像是在攀登一座没有固定路线的悬崖。它对理论推导的严谨性是无可挑剔的，每一个步骤都逻辑自洽，无可辩驳。然而，这种极端的数学纯粹性，在某种程度上牺牲了物理直觉的培养。当我们面对真实世界的宏观现象，比如相变或临界现象时，我更希望书中能穿插一些生动的类比或者历史背景的介绍，帮助我们将那些抽象的配分函数与我们肉眼可见的物质行为联系起来。这本书在这方面显得异常吝啬，仿佛认为物理图像只是数学形式的粗糙副产品，不值一提。我花了大量时间去“解码”那些公式，试图从中还原出粒子之间复杂的相互作用图景，但书本本身并没有提供多少向导。结果就是，我学会了如何用数学语言描述系统，却依然有些迷茫于“为什么”——为什么自由能的微小变化会导致如此剧地的宏观响应？对于那些渴望将理论转化为洞察力的学习者来说，这本书提供了一个坚硬的骨架，却缺少了有血有肉的组织。它要求你带着满身的知识储备来阅读，而不是在你学习的过程中为你添砖加瓦。

评分☆☆☆☆☆

差不多刷了整本 || 黄先生的书也很棒，只看了下半本，很容易读进去，但没做题。

评分☆☆☆☆☆

差不多刷了整本 || 黄先生的书也很棒，只看了下半本，很容易读进去，但没做题。

评分☆☆☆☆☆

差不多刷了整本 || 黄先生的书也很棒，只看了下半本，很容易读进去，但没做题。

评分☆☆☆☆☆

个人认为系综理论部分强调热力学极限和最可几的意义，抓住了统计系综理论的本质特征。分子动理论部分对H定理的讨论很有教益似乎不太对，导出Boltzmann方程的思路是经典的，为许多书所沿袭。BEC的分析很深刻但是似乎也有点问题，关于理想Fermi体系的几个专题很精彩。

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统计力学课的参考教材，看过一点，现在全忘记了。