TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. AN INTRODUCTION TO AGILE 7
2.1 Definable Work vs. High-Uncertainty Work 7
2.2 The Agile Manifesto and Mindset 8
2.3 Lean and the Kanban Method 12
2.4 Uncertainty, Risk, and Life Cycle Selection 13
3. LIFE CYCLE SELECTION 17
3.1 Characteristics of Project Life Cycles 18
3.1.1 Characteristics of Predictive Life Cycles.20
3.1.2 Characteristics of Iterative Life Cycles 21
3.1.3 Characteristics of Incremental Life Cycles 22
3.1.4 Characteristics of Agile Life Cycles 24
3.1.5 Agile Suitability Filters 25
3.1.6 Characteristics of Hybrid Life Cycles 26
3.1.7 Combined Agile and Predictive Approaches 27
3.1.8 Predominantly Predictive Approach with Some Agile Components 28
3.1.9 A Largely Agile Approach with a Predictive Component 28
3.1.10 Hybrid Life Cycles as Fit-For-Purpose 29
3.1.11 Hybrid Life Cycles as Transition Strategy 30
3.2 Mixing Agile Approaches 31
3.3 Project Factors That Influence Tailoring 32
4. IMPLEMENTING AGILE: CREATING AN AGILE ENVIRONMENT 33
4.1 Start with an Agile Mindset33
4.2 Servant Leadership Empowers the Team 33
4.2.1 Servant Leader Responsibilities 34
4.2.2 Role of the Project Manager in an Agile Environment 37
4.2.3 Project Managers Use Servant Leadership 38
4.3 Team Composition 38
4.3.1 Agile Teams 39
4.3.2 Agile Roles 40
4.3.3 Generalizing Specialists 42
4.3.4 Team Structures 43
4.3.5 Dedicated Team Members 44
4.3.6 Team Workspaces 46
4.3.7 Overcoming Organizational Silos 47
5. IMPLEMENTING AGILE: DELIVERING IN AN AGILE ENVIRONMENT 49
5.1 Charter the Project and the Team 49
5.2 Common Agile Practices 50
5.2.1 Retrospectives 50
5.2.2 Backlog Preparation 52
5.2.3 Backlog Refinement 52
5.2.4 Daily Standups 53
5.2.5 Demonstrations/Reviews 55
5.2.6 Planning for Iteration-Based Agile 55
5.2.7 Execution Practices that Help Teams Deliver Value 56
5.2.8 How Iterations and Increments Help Deliver Working Product 57
5.3 Troubleshooting Agile Project Challenges 57
5.4 Measurements in Agile Projects 60
5.4.1 Agile Teams Measure Results 61
6. ORGANIZATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROJECT AGILITY 71
6.1 Organizational Change Management 71
6.1.1 Drivers for Change Management 73
6.1.2 Readiness for Change 73
6.2 Organizational Culture 75
6.2.1 Creating an Environment of Safety 75
6.2.2 Assessing Culture 75
6.3 Procurement and Contracts 77
6.4 Business Practices 79
6.5 Multiteam Coordination and Dependencies (Scaling).80
6.5.1 Frameworks80
6.5.2 Considerations 80
6.6 Agile and the Project Management Office (PMO) 81
6.6.1 An Agile PMO is Value-Driven 81
6.6.2 An Agile PMO is Invitation-Oriented 81
6.6.3 An Agile PMO is Multidisciplinary 82
6.7 Organizational Structure 83
6.8 Evolving the Organization 84
7. A CALL TO ACTION 87
ANNEX A1
PMBOK® GUIDE MAPPING 89
ANNEX A2
AGILE MANIFESTO MAPPING 97
ANNEX A3
OVERVIEW OF AGILE AND LEAN FRAMEWORKS 99
APPENDIX X1
CONTRIBUTORS AND REVIEWERS115
APPENDIX X2
ATTRIBUTES THAT INFLUENCE TAILORING119
APPENDIX X3
AGILE SUITABILITY FILTER TOOLS 125
REFERENCES 139
BIBLIOGRAPHY 141
GLOSSARY 149
INDEX 157
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Figure 2-1. The Four Values of the Agile Manifesto 8
Figure 2-2. The Twelve Principles Behind the Agile Manifesto 9
Figure 2-3. The Relationship Between the Agile Manifesto Values, Principles, and Common Practices 10
Figure 2-4. Agile is a Blanket Term for Many Approaches 11
Figure 2-5. Uncertainty and Complexity Model Inspired by the Stacey Complexity Model 14
Figure 3-1. The Continuum of Life Cycles 19
Figure 3-2. Predictive Life Cycle 21
Figure 3-3. Iterative Life Cycle 21
Figure 3-4. A Life Cycle of Varying-Sized Increments 22
Figure 3-5. Iteration-Based and Flow-Based Agile Life Cycles 24
Figure 3-6. Agile Development Followed by a Predictive Rollout 27
Figure 3-7. A Combined Agile and Predictive Approach Used Simultaneously 27
Figure 3-8. A Largely Predictive Approach with Agile Components 28
Figure 3-9. A Largely Agile Approach with a Predictive Component 28
Figure 5-1. Burndown Chart for Remaining Story Points 62
Figure 5-2. Burnup Chart for Showing Story Points Completed 63
Figure 5-3. Example of a Kanban Board 65
Figure 5-4. Feature Chart 67
Figure 5-5. Product Backlog Burnup Chart 68
Figure 5-6. Earned Value in an Agile Context 69
Figure 5-7. Cumulative Flow Diagram of Completed Features 70
Figure 6-1. The Relationship Between Change Management and Agile Approaches 72
Figure 6-2. Example of Assessing Organizational Culture 76
Figure 6-3. Initial Ranked Backlog for Changes 85
Figure 6-4. Using Backlogs and Kanban Boards to Organize and Track Change Work 86
Figure A3-1. Agile Approaches Plotted by Breadth and Detail 100
Figure A3-2. Kanban Board Demonstrating Work in Progress Limits, and a Pull System to Optimize the Flow of Work 105
Figure A3-3. The Crystal Family of Methods 106
Figure A3-4. Feature-Driven Development Project Life Cycle 109
Figure A3-5. DSDM Approach to Constraint-Driven Agility 110
Figure A3-6. Representatives of Scrum Teams Participating in SoS teams 112
Figure X3-1. Model for Suitability of Agile Approach 127
Figure X3-2. Buy-In to Approach Assessment 129
Figure X3-3. Trust in Team Assessment 130
Figure X3-4. Assessment for Decision-Making Powers of Team 130
Figure X3-5. Team Size Assessment 131
Figure X3-6. Experience Level Assessment 131
Figure X3-7. Assessment for Access to the Customer/Business 132
Figure X3-8. Likelihood of Change Assessment 132
Figure X3-9. Assessment for Criticality of Product or Service 133
Figure X3-10. Incremental Delivery Assessment 133
Figure X3-11. Suitability Assessment Radar Chart 134
Figure X3-12. Drug Store Project 135
Figure X3-13. Military Messaging Example 137
Table 1-1. In-Scope and Out-of-Scope Items 4
Table 3-1. Characteristics of Four Categories of Life Cycles 18
Table 3-2. Tailoring Options to Improve Fit 32
Table 4-1. Attributes of Successful Agile Teams 40
Table 4-2. Agile Team Roles 41
Table 5-1. Agile Pain Points and Troubleshooting Possibilities 58
Table A1-1. Project Management Process Group and Knowledge Area Mapping 90
Table A1-2. Application of Agile in PMBOK® Guide Knowledge Areas 91
Table A2-1. Agile Manifesto Values Covered in the Agile Practice Guide 97
Table A2-2. Agile Practice Guide Mapping of Principles Behind the Agile Manifesto 98
Table A3-1. Scrum Events and Artifacts 101
Table A3-2. The Practices of eXtreme Programming 102
Table A3-3. Defining Principles and Properties of the Kanban Method 104
Table A3-4. The Core Values and Common Properties of Crystal 107
Table A3-5. The Key Elements of the Agile Unified Process 111
Table A3-6. Comparison of LeSS and Scrum 113
Table X2-1. Tailoring Guidelines 121
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