Foreword. v
Introduction. 1
1. Śramaṇas and Brāhmaṇas: Some aspects of the relation between Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. 5
2. On common (‘pan-Indian’) divinities within Buddhism. 19
3. Docetism in Mahāyāna Sūtras. 31
4. Kārttikeya-Mañjuśrī in the Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa. 35
5. The worldly/mundane (laukika), and the matter of the popular and lay. 37
6. The common Indian Ground or Substratum and the opposition worldly/mundane (laukika): supramundane/transmundane (lokottara). 41
7. Symbiosis, confrontation, the subordination of the laukika through subjugation, and the issue of ‘Buddhism vs. Hinduism’: evidence from some Yogatantras. 45
8. Further remarks on the structured laukika : lokottara opposition. 57
9. The place and function of the mundane clan (laukikakula) in Kriyātantra. 63
10. The laukika : lokottara contrast in Mahāyāna Sūtras and Śāstras. 69
11. An iconic depiction of the victory of Śākyamuni Buddha over a heterodox teacher mentioned in a Tibetan source. 75
12. Subordination of the laukika level by peripheralization within a concentric ma ala structure. 77
13. Ritual, geographical, iconological and architectural collocation (juxtaposition), hierarchic stratification, and centrality as against peripheralization. 79
14. Further issues in the laukika : lokottara contrastive opposition. 83
15. Continuity, the substratum model in relation to the borrowing model, and the laukika : lokottara opposition as an ‘emic’ classification. 87
16. Some ‘etic’ categories previously invoked by scholars. 95
17. Paul Hacker’s concept of ‘inclusivism’. 97
18. Harihariharivāhanodbhava-Lokeśvara: An example of Hacker’s ‘inclusivism’? 101
19. Borrowing and substratum models for religious syncretism and/or symbiosis. 105
20. Vaiṣṇava and Śaiva elements in the Kālacakra. 115
21. Kalkin in the Kālacakra. 121
22. On syncretism in the borderlands of Northwestern India and the western Himalaya. 127
23. The laukika : lokottara opposition in relation to the oppositions sacred : profane and spiritual : temporal. 131
24. ‘Emic’ expressions relevant to the substratum model. 135
25. Concluding remarks. 143
Appendix I: Hinduistic elements in Tibetan Buddhist and Bon po sources, and the terms ‘Buddhistic’, ‘Hinduistic’, and ‘Indic’. 163
Appendix II: The noetic and the conventional. 183
INDICES
Names. 189
Subjects. 191
Selected book titles. 194
Sanskrit key words. 194
Pāli key words. 196
Tibetan key words. 196
Japanese terms. 197
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